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Wi l A li ti P t lWireless Application Protocol

“The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.”

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WAP: Internet for Mobile Devices

Wireless Application Protocol but used synonymous toWireless Application Protocol, but used synonymous to Internet for mobile devices

What HTML is to the Internet, WML to WAPWhat HTML is to the Internet, WML to WAPWhat JavaScript™ is to the Internet, WML Script to WAP

What HTTP is to the Internet, WSP to WAP

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in a compact binary encoding + extensionsWAP 2 0 ll HTTP th i l & I t t

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N WAP 2.0 allows HTTP across the wireless & Internet domains.

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A WML Example

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"

"http://www wapforum org/DTD/wml13 dtd">http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd >

<wml>

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wml<card id="MainCard" title="My First WML Card">

<p>

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<img src="hello.wbmp" alt="Hello"/> <br/>Hello World! <br/>

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</card>

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Challenges

Internet technology was designed for desktop and largerInternet technology was designed for desktop and larger computers and medium to high bandwidth, generally reliable data networks. Mass-market, hand-held wireless devices have a constrained computing environment compared to desktop

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Device Comparison

Desktop Laptop Mobile

CPUs Powerful Less powerful

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Power Mains Battery

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Display Large Small

Input Keyboard, Mice Keypad, stylus, t h

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Network Comparison

Desktop Laptop MobileDesktop Laptop Mobile

Bandwidth More Less

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Latency Less MoreConnection Good Not so good

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Good Not so good

Availability Good Less predictable

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Main Goals of WAP

Support a wide range of devicesSupport a wide range of devicesEnable device personalization and customization, content delivery and content presentationdelivery, and content presentation.

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Main Goals of WAP

Provide an application model for wireless data services thatProvide an application model for wireless data services that utilizes the telephony, mobility, and other unique functions of wireless devices and networks.Leverage existing standards where possible, especially existing and evolving Internet standards.

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A WML Example

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN"

"http://www wapforum org/DTD/wml13 dtd">http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd >

<wml>

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wml<card id="MainCard" title="My First WML Card">

<p>

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<img src="hello.wbmp" alt="Hello"/> <br/>Hello World! <br/>

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</card>

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WML Structure

WML applications use a card and deck metaphorWML applications use a card and deck metaphorA user interaction is represented by a card, while a complete task is represented by a deckcomplete task is represented by a deckA deck is the smallest unit of WML a web server can send to a WAP browser, and it contains one or more cards

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,The browser displays one card at a time

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CardCardCard

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WML

Unlike HTML WML is XML Why is this important?Unlike HTML, WML is XML. Why is this important?

XHTML is XML Is this important?XHTML is XML. Is this important?

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Simple Web Architecture

HTTP request

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Origin server

Client/user agent

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The WAP Architecture

WSP request

HTTP request

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WSP response

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WAP user agent

Origin server

WAP gateway*

INTERNET

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WIRELESS DOMAIN:WAP

Protocols

INTERNET DOMAIN:Internet

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* WAP 2.0 does not require the gateway, thus enabling the client to talk directly to the server.

The WAP Workflow

1 The user requests a URL through the WAP browser1. The user requests a URL through the WAP browser2. The browser passes the request to the WAP gateway

using the WAP protocolusing the WAP protocol3. The WAP gateway creates a normal HTTP request for

the URL and passes to the origin server

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the URL and passes to the origin server.4. The origin servers returns the (possibly WML) content

of the URL to the WAP gateway.

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N g y5. The WAP gateway encodes the HTTP headers and the

content (where applicable) into binary format (e.g.,

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( pp ) y ( gcompiled WML), and transmits on to the WAP browser

6. The WAP browser displays the content (e.g. the first

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WSP/WML EncodingN

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WSP/WML encoding allows the information to be transferred in a narrow pipe (i.e. small bandwidth network) without adding extra latency.

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The WAP Protocol Stack Revisited

WAP Device WAP Gateway Web Server

WAE WAE

WSP WSP HTTP HTTP

WTP WTP

WTLS WTLS TLS (SSL) TLS (SSL)

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WDP WDP TCP TCP

Bearers Bearers IP IP

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nive WSP is essentially a binary-formatted tokenized version of HTTP

designed to operate on low-bandwidth high-latency networks

Sample WAP Request I

If-None-Match: "0-6f-3e6cf51a"Accept: image/gif, text/x-vCalendar, image/vnd.wap.wbmp, application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc, text/x-vCard, application/vnd.wap.wmlc, application/vnd.wap.wbxml, text/vnd.wap.wml, text/vnd wap wmlscript text/plaintext/vnd.wap.wmlscript, text/plainAccept-Language: enAccept-Charset: US-ASCII, ISO-8859-1, UTF-8, ISO-10646-UCS-2profile: http://wap.sonyericssonmobile.com/UAprof/T200.xml

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p p p y pUser-Agent: SonyEricssonT200/R101bearer-indication: 0accept-application: 1,2X Nokia CONNECTION MODE: CMODE

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N X-Nokia-CONNECTION_MODE: CMODEX-Nokia-BEARER: GPRSX-Nokia-gateway-id: NAWG/3.1/Build52Via: WTP/1.1 Vodafone wap FTC (Nokia WAP Gateway 3.1/ECD9/3.1.52), 1.1 vlsp1:9010

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p ( y ) p(squid/2.5.STABLE3)X-Forwarded-For: 172.27.9.3

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Sample WAP Request II

Accept: application/vnd.wap.coc,application/vnd.wap.wmlc; Type=4360, image/gif, p pp p , pp p ; yp , g g ,application/vnd.phonecom.im,application/*, application/vnd.wap.slc,application/vnd.wap.sic, application/vnd.wap.multipart.related,application/vnd.phonecom.mmc-wbxml; Type=4364, audio/iMelody, text/x-vCalendar, application/octet-stream, audio/midi, application/vnd.wap.multipart.mixed, application/vnd.wap.wmlc; Level=1.3, application/vnd.openwave.pp,image/vnd.wap.wbmp, pp p ; , pp p pp, g p p,application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc, application/vnd.uplanet.bearer-choice-wbxml, application/vnd.wap.wmlc; Type=1108,text/x-vCard, application/x-up-device, application/vnd.phonecom.mmc-wbxml, image/vnd.wap.wbmp; Type=0, application/vnd.wap.wmlc, application/vnd.wap.wmlc; Type=4365, text/vnd.wap.wml, text/vnd.wap.co, text/vnd.wap.wmlscript, text/x-wap-wta-wml, text/vnd.wap.sl,

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p , p , p p , p , p ,text/vnd.wap.si, text/vnd.wap.connectivity-xml, text/vnd.wap.channel, text/vnd.wap.co, text/vnd.wap.sl, text/vnd.wap.si, text/vnd.wap.wmlscript, text/plain, text/vnd.wap.wml, text/plainUser-Agent: Alcatel-BG3/1.0 UP.Browser/5.0.3.3.11Accept-Language: en

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N p g gAccept-Charset: UTF-8profile: http://www-ccpp-mpd.alcatel.com/files/ALCATEL-BG3_1.0.rdfX-Nokia-CONNECTION_MODE: CMODEX-Nokia-BEARER: GPRS

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Sample WAP Request III

Accept-Language: enAccept: application/vnd.wap.xhtml+xml, application/vnd.wap.wml, application/xhtml+xml, multipart/mixed, application/vnd.wap.multipart.mixed, image/gif, */*, text/x-vcard, text/x-vcalendar image/vnd wap wbmpvcalendar, image/vnd.wap.wbmpAccept-Charset: utf-8, utf-16, iso-8859-1, iso-10646-ucs-2, Shift_JISUser-Agent: SonyEricssonV600i/R2K Browser/SEMC-Browser/4.2 Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.1

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gx-wap-profile: "http://wap.sonyericsson.com/UAprof/V600iR101-3G.xml"Content-Length: 0X-Nokia-CONNECTION_MODE: TCPX Nokia BEARER: GPRS

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N X-Nokia-BEARER: GPRSX-Nokia-gateway-id: NWG/4.1/Build89Via: WTP/1.1 Vodafone wap2FTC (Nokia WAP Gateway 4.1/CD13/4.1.89), 1.1 vlsp1:9010 (squid/2.5.STABLE10)

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( q )X-Forwarded-For: 172.27.71.132

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Sample WAP Request IV

Accept: application/vnd.wap.wmlc, application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc, text/html, text/css, application/xhtml+xml, application/vnd.wap.xhtml+xml, application/vnd.wap.multipart.related, application/vnd.wap.multipart.mixed, multipart/mixed, application/vnd.wap.sic, application/vnd.oma.drm.message, application/vnd.phonecom.mmc-wbxml, application/motorola-pp g , pp p , ppmmstemplate, image/gif, image/bmp, image/vnd.wap.wbmp, image/png, image/jpeg, image/ems.userdefined.picture, image/ems.userdefined.animation, image/ems.predefined.animation, audio/bas, audio/imelody, audio/mid, audio/midi, audio/mp3, audio/mpeg, audio/mpeg3, audio/mpg, audio/x-mp3, audio/x-mpeg, audio/x-mpeg3, audio/x-mpg, audio/x-wav, audio/wav, audio/amr, audio/3gpp,

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p , p g, p g , pg, , , , gpp,video/mp4, video/3gpp, application/mtf, application/vnd.oma.drm.message, application/vnd.oma.drm.rights+xml, text/x-vcard, text/x-vcalendar, text/uri-list, text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor, application/java-archive, application/octet-stream, application/vnd.wap.mms-message, text/plain, text/vnd.wap.wmlscript, text/vnd.wap.wml

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p g gX-Nokia-CONNECTION_MODE: CMODEX-Nokia-BEARER: GPRSX-Nokia-gateway-id: NWG/4.1/Build89Via: WTP/1.1 Vodafone wap2LDV (Nokia WAP Gateway 4.1/CD13/4.1.89), 1.1 vlsp1:9010

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p ( y ) p(squid/2.5.STABLE10)X-Forwarded-For: 172.26.71.132

Sample WAP Request V

Accept: text/css, text/x-vcard, text/x-vcalendar, image/gif, image/vnd.wap.wbmpAccept-Charset: ISO-8859-1, US-ASCII, UTF-8; q=0.8, ISO-10646-UCS-2; q=0.6Accept-Language: enCookie2: $Version "1"Cookie2: $Version="1"Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateUser-Agent: Nokia6822/2.0 (4.48) Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.1x-wap-profile: "http://nds1.nds.nokia.com/uaprof/N6822r100.xml"

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p p p pContent-Length: 0X-Nokia-CONNECTION_MODE: TCPX-Nokia-BEARER: GPRSX Nokia gateway id: NWG/4 1/Build89

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N X-Nokia-gateway-id: NWG/4.1/Build89Via: WTP/1.1 Vodafone wap2FTC (Nokia WAP Gateway 4.1/CD13/4.1.89), 1.1 vlsp1:9010 (squid/2.5.STABLE10)X-Forwarded-For: 172.27.71.132

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Sample WAP Request VI

User-Agent: SonyEricssonP990i/R100 Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Symbian OS; 306) Opera 8.60 [en]Accept: text/html, application/xml, application/xhtml+xml, multipart/mixed, image/png, image/jpeg image/gif image/x xbitmap */* text/x vcard text/x vcalendarimage/jpeg, image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, */*, text/x-vcard, text/x-vcalendar, image/vnd.wap.wbmpAccept-Charset: windows-1252, utf-8, utf-16, iso-8859-1;q=0.6, *;q=0.1Accept-Encoding: deflate, gzip, x-gzip, identity, *;q=0

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p g , g p, g p, y, ;qPragma: no-cacheX-Wap-Profile: "http://wap.sonyericsson.com/UAProf/P990iR100.xml"Content-Length: 0X Nokia CONNECTION MODE: TCP

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N X-Nokia-CONNECTION_MODE: TCPX-Nokia-BEARER: GPRSX-Nokia-gateway-id: NWG/4.1/Build89Via: WTP/1.1 Vodafone wap2FTC (Nokia WAP Gateway 4.1/CD13/4.1.89), 1.1 vlsp1:9010

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p ( y ) p(squid/2.5.STABLE10)X-Forwarded-For: 172.27.71.132

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Serving WAP Content

File extension MIME Type

wml text/vnd.wap.wmltext/vnd.wap.wml

wmls text/vnd.wap.wmlscript

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wmlsc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc

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wbmp image/vnd.wap.wbmp

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When the server sees these file extensions, it sets the Content-Typeentity header to the corresponding MIME type

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The WAP 2.0 Protocol Stack

WAP Device Web Server

WAE WAP Gateway WAE

HTTP HTTP HTTP HTTP

TLS (SSL) TLS (SSL) TLS (SSL) TLS (SSL)

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WIRELESS DOMAIN WIRED DOMAIN

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WAP 2.0 provides support for both WAP 2.0 and WAP 1.x stacks. The two stacks would operate independently; i.e., there won’t be any

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Further Reading

Wireless Application Protocol Architecture SpecificationWireless Application Protocol Architecture Specification. www.WAPForum.org. Wireless Application Environment Defined Media TypeWireless Application Environment Defined Media Type Specification.WAP overview on Wikipedia:

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Resources

Nokia Mobile Internet Toolkit This includes a WAP browser and aNokia Mobile Internet Toolkit. This includes a WAP browser and a WAP Gateway simulator.Sony Ericsson WAP browser emulator for T68.yOpenWave SDK. This includes an OpenWave WAP browser.SlowView. A free image viewer that supports WBMP images.

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Exercises

Write a WapEchoServer that echoes the received HTTPWrite a WapEchoServer that echoes the received HTTP request back to the client.

If you have a WAP-capable phone, study the headers it sends.If you have a WAP capable phone, study the headers it sends. Describe the setup required to capture the headers.You want to capture the headers Nokia mobile browser simulator sends to an arbitrary WAP site How can you do it with the

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WapEchoServer?

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