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THROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS IN WETLAND ECOSYSTEM
Presentation by
Livi Wilson and Jitendra Kumar
College of Fisheries, KVAFSU, Mangalore, Karnataka
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TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS
The study of the structure of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem
Feeding or trophic relationships can be represented as a
food web food chain.
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Food webs depict trophic links between all species sampled in a habitat
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food chains simplify this complexity into linear arrays of interactions among trophic levels
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FOOD WEBS IN SPECIFIC WETLAND TYPES 1.SALT MARSH
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Producers in a salt marsh include marsh grasses, Spartina Juncus Algae various other salt tolerant plants
.
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THE CONSUMERS COME IN SEVERAL CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO THEIR PREFERRED HABITAT.
a. Aerial Habitat--- above the substrate, not that in the air necessarily
. Consumers --- spiders and insects that live on plant leaves,
periwinkle snails that travel up and down plants,
o marsh crabs.
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B. BENTHIC HABITAT
Detrital food web < 10% of the above ground primary
productivity in a saltmarsh actually gets grazed,. Most plant biomass dies and decays and is passed through the detrital food web
consumers --- bacteria and fungi. These are then consumed by the smallest
animals—worms, copepods, rotifers, larval stages of benthic invertebrates, in other words, plankton.
The bigger benthic invertebrates are either scavengers (crabs, snails) or filterers (oysters, mussels
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C. AQUATIC HABITAT
overlaps with the benthic habitat, Consumers --- vertebrates.
There are several species of resident fish such as silversides, killifish, and mummichogs
In fact about 90% of the commercially important fish and shellfish in the southeast Atlantic and Gulf coasts depend on marshes.
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D. AVIAN CONSUMERS
includes many ducks and wading birds. Like the fish, many of these depend on
marshes along their migration routes and are not year round residents
E.MAMMALS
Raccoons and muskrats use salt marshes extensively as a food source
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MANGROVES
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2. MANGROVES
Because of the salt, there is less variety of PRODUCERS --- , but very high biomass because of the constant tidal influx of nutrients.
CONSUMERS--- wide variety of consumers present
especially filter feeders and detritivores. Barnacles and oysters filter feed and fiddler crabs scavenge, among lots of other invertebrates, especially juveniles. These juveniles include the commercially important spiny lobster, shrimp, mullet, and tarpon. These all provide food for a vast array of wading birds.
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3. FRESHWATER MARSHES
Reed grasses, cattails, rice, sedges, and ragweed are common to most temperate freshwater marshes, although distribution varies with latitude.
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wetlands that are the most affected by "alien species,"
Eg:The water hyacinth, is a trouble maker, it is very good at water filtering and then
holding onto the excess nutrients or chemicals. Thus it's often suggested as a valuable addition to natural wastewater treatment programs
CONSUMERS---The most abundant invertebrates are true flies, including mosquitoes.
With a high diversity of invertebrates there is a high diversity of birds
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PEATLANDS
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PEATLANDS
The dominant plant ---Sphagnum moss. It grows in cushionlike spongy mats with very high water content.
Sphagnum moss can hold 15-23 times its dry weight in water. The moss only grows actively at the surface, and the lower layers die off and decompose into peat
. Other plants may include heathers, cranberry, blueberry, some pines, spruce, and tamarack trees
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Peatlands ---wetlands having the lowest productivity
lowest nutrient levels .
hence several carnivorous plants are found here. They get their extra nutrients from insects.
These include pitcher plants, sundews, and venus flytraps.
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CONSUMERS Animal density is fairly low
because they are acidic and not much eats moss. They do serve as trails and shelters for large mammals.
Lots of birds pass through these areas on their migration routes
: sandhill cranes, short-eared and great gray owls, sharp-tailed sparrow.
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SOUTHERN DEEPWATER SWAMPS
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. SOUTHERN DEEPWATER SWAMPS
Cypress and tupelo trees dominate these ecosystems
There is a high diversity and high biomass oƒ invertebrates which depend on the abundant detritus available. Once again, this is the major source of nutrients for the food web
Reptiles and amphibians are quite diverse because they can adapt to changing flood levels
Alligators are common
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RIPARIAN WETLANDS
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. RIPARIAN WETLANDS
. predominance of woody plants
shade the water, stabilize the bank, and produce leaf litter
this directly supports aquatic species plus those that live on them
. corridors for dispersal and migration
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REFERENCES
Ecology and Food Webs in Wetlands (The introductory material on general
ecology and food webs is mostly from: Caduto, M.J. 1985. Pond and Brook. Hanover,
N.H.: University Press of New England. 276p.)
http://www.answers.com/topic/trophic-ecology#ixzz1cZ
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THANK YOU