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IFAD/ICARDA Knowledge Exchange Workshop, 26-29 October 2009
Knowledge and Technology Exchange for Enhanced Quality of IFAD/ICARDA Operations in the NENA region
Technologies to improve livestock productivity in drylands
Presented byBarbara Rischkowsky
on behalf of ICARDA's Livestock Research Section
Challenges for livestock production in drylands Climate change scenarios predict increasing climatic variability and
therefore increasing risk of crop failure Ongoing processes of land desertification, including decreasing
productivity of rangelands Unfavorable land tenure and property rights (the commons) Competition for arable land between human food, feeds or biofuel Competition in the use of crop residues between livestock and
conservation agriculture Increasing incomes, human population and urbanization cause rises in
the demand for livestock foods Consumers and markets increasingly demand product quality & safety Diseases remain a major constraint to productivity and to food safety Inefficient extension, top down technology transfer (low adoption of
available technologies)
Resulting areas for interventions
In line with our mandate we focus on small ruminant production
Improved ruminant feeding systems for producing quality animal products
Enhancing forage production and use from arable land Rangeland monitoring, rehabilitation and grazing
management Product quality and processing Characterization & sustainable use of SR genetic resources Husbandry practices Animal health service delivery
• Problems:– High costs of supplements in
dry years– Cereals used as feeds– Unbalanced rations
• Solutions:– Low cost balanced diets for
intensive and semi-intensive systems using available by-products and crop residues
• Feed blocks • On-farm testing of rations for
dairy sheep and fattening
Feeding technologies : strategic feeding of low cost balanced diets
Effect of strategic feeding of urea-molasses feed mixtures on performance of ewes & lambs
(Average of two years, 7 flocks in 3 villages)
Feeding periods & traits
Alternative feeding
Traditional feeding
Difference (%)
Mating and late pregnancy periodMating period, days 50 87 -43Twinning rate, % 32 11 191Birth weight, kg 4.4 3.9 15Lactation60-90 day growth rate, g/d 250 178 42Lactation and milk production periodMilk yield, kg/ewe 72 55 31Lactation length, weeks 17 15 13
Strategic feeding of low cost balanced diets - example diet for dairy sheep in El Bab
• Benefits:– Strategic supplementation resulted in a
net gain of 19 $US per ewe compared to traditional feeding
– In an average flock of 50 ewes using this technology would generate ~935 US$
Technology for improved feeding: strategic feeding of low cost balanced diets
Strategic feeding of low cost balanced diets - example diet for dairy sheep in El Bab
Feeding technologies: feed blocks
Partial/total replacement of
concentrate feeds
TunisiaIraq
Tunisia
Straw Ad-lib Ad-lib
Concentrate feed 500 g 250 g
FB 0 FB
Daily gain 63 g 74 g
Difference in feeding cost - 20 %
Feeding technologies: feed blocks
Partial replacement of concentrates
• Overall adoption rate: 13% to 54% in different countries• Internal rate of return: 67% for Iraq and 57% for Tunisia
Discount Rate (%) B/C Ratio IRR (%)10 1.56 87
20 1.48 71
30 1.41 58
Economic Feasibility of Using Feed Blocks in Sheep Feeding
Feeding technologies: feed blocks
Urea-treated straw – a well known fully tested technology with a low adoption rate
Feeding technologies – enhance the nutritive value of cereal crop residues
Opening urea-treated Straw (Um Mil village)
Advantage:• Raises quality of wheat straw
to the quality of lentil straw • Easy to learn• Locally available material
Feeding technologies – enhance the nutritive value of cereal crop residues
Disadvantage:• Labor intensive• Urea price has increased • Economic feasibility changes
with rainfall
Alternative feed resources: spineless cactus
• Water use efficiency• Drought tolerant• High in sugars, beta-carotene, pectins• High in water• Reduces the use of concentrate feeds• Alley cropping (cactus-barley) increased grain yield
by 180%
Integration of Cactus and fibrous feeds- example of a typical feeding calendar in arid Tunisia
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Barley
Bran
fallow
Range
Cactus
Straw
Alternative feed resources: spineless cactus
Tunisia :• Adoption rate: 46%• IRR: 73-80%Algeria:• Adoption rate: 40%• IRR: 71-99%
Alternative feed resources: fodder shrubs and trees
Benefit from tanniniferous fodder shrubs Anthelmintic activity of tanniniferous species Alley-cropping (higher cereal grain yield)
Fodder shrubs and trees – use in alley cropping
• Return on investment– Cactus alley cropping with subsidy: 53%; without subsidy 17%– Atriplex alley cropping: 29%
• Environmental benefits– Reduced soil erosion– Improved soil organic matter– Improved available soil moisture– Estimated environment benefit in Morocco: US$425/ha
Fodder shrubs and trees – use in alley cropping
Technology for improved milking techniques
• Problems in traditional milking– Health problems of women– Milk contamination
• Solutions:– Simple milking ramp in
combinationwith improved hygiene
• Cleaning udders before milking• Teat immersion after milking
and • Feeding by performance• Performance recording
• The benefits: – Comfortable milking– Cleaner milk– Better udder control– Mastitis detection– Higher quality products
reflecting in better income• Obstacles:
– Requires collaboration between farmers to make best use of the investment
– Sharing limited to a small number of farmers because of timing of the milking
– Cost-benefit ratio not easy to determine
Technology for improved milking techniques
Technology for improved yogurt processing• Problems reported by dairy farmers in
Syria:– Weak texture and bad transportability– Sourness of yogurt
• Solutions:– Yogurt culture with different firmness– Use of a thermometer to avoid
contamination
• The benefits:– High quality yogurt and reduced milk
spoilage due to contaminated starters– Firm texture, resisting transportation on
bumpy roads– More net income
Technologies for improved cheese processing: case study in Mexico
• The communities focus on cheese production with good market demand locally and as far as in the US (ethnic markets)
• Main problems:– high contamination
cheese spoilage– cheese did not to melt well
affecting marketability– Meting is critical in
preparation of quesadilla, traditional breakfast
21
Solutions to the quesadilla problem
Technical changes:• Better hygiene• Pasteurization of milk (farmers had
heard about it but did not use it)• Use of a suitable cheese culture to
enable proper melting of the cheese
Filtration
Renetting
Pre-pressingUnder whey
Cutting
Row milk
Molding
End product
Pressing
Salting10-15% solution
Pasteurization73°C/15sec
Starter
Ca Cl2
Max 20g/100L
• A simple modification of processing will reduce hand work like pre-pressing of the curd and will enhance the quality
• Storing the rennet in refrigerator will maintain the activity of the enzyme
• The benefits: – Comfortable processing– Better quality– Maintain the doze of rennet addition– better salt concentration
Technologies for improved cheese processing: case study in Mexico
• Key constraints– Low-yielding varieties– Quality seed availability– Inappropriate production methods– Ineffective extension– Lack of institutions
• Solutions– High-yielding forages– Seed production– Best practices
Technologies for fodder production:example Afghanistan
High-yielding forages identified: grasspea & vetch
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Grain Straw
12-year average, 3 replicates
High-yielding forages identified: grasspea & vetch
Demonstrating high yielding forages – field days
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
BalaiAsia
Labenar
Mataki
Saraki-4
Logari
Shinwari
Ghorbani
Saraki Mamorin
Saraki Atiq
Atiq Khan
Kotiha
Sarak-3
Saraki Awal
Sarak-2
Participating Households
Participation in the fodder project600 participating households in 13 villages
Testing and demonstrating foragesin Syria – field days (IFAD research grant)
Testing and demonstrating foragesin Syria – field days (IFAD research grant)
To replace traditional methods monitoring
vegetation cover
Original ImageProcessed Image
Digital Charting Technique
Based on
Digital Image Processing
Monitoring and assessment of rangeland condition at local scale
Multi-Purpose Pastoral Species
Maintaining biodiversity - Characterization and Conservation
Perennial Legumes and Grasses
Maintaining biodiversity - characterization and conservation
Shrub Plantations