Monitoring -why? View at breakfast, Hilton Hotel Izmir

Overview of global stripe rust monitoring: lessons learned from stem rust monitoring

Second International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium

Regional Cereal Rust Research Centre, Izmir Turkey

April 28th – May 1st 2014

Faculty of Agriculture & Environment

Plant Breeding Institute

Professor Robert F. ParkJudith & David Coffey Chair in Sustainable Agriculturerobert.park@sydney.edu.au

Dr Dave HodsonCIMMYT Ethiopia

RELEASE OF RESISTANT VARIETY

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETY

INCREASEIN

ACREAGE

DECREASEIN

ACREAGE

The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”

RELEASE OF RESISTANT VARIETY

PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETY

INCREASEIN

ACREAGE

DECREASEIN

ACREAGE

The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”

RELEASE OF RESISTANT VARIETY

PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETY

INCREASEIN

ACREAGE

DECREASEIN

ACREAGE

The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”

RELEASE OF RESISTANT VARIETY

PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETY

INCREASEIN

ACREAGE

DECREASEIN

ACREAGE

The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”

RELEASE OF RESISTANT VARIETY

PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETY

INCREASEIN

ACREAGE

DECREASEIN

ACREAGE

The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”

RELEASE OF RESISTANT VARIETY

PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETY

INCREASEIN

ACREAGE

DECREASEIN

ACREAGE

The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”

RELEASE OF RESISTANT VARIETY

PATHOGEN CHANGES TO RENDER RESISTANCE INEFFECTIVE

DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETY

INCREASEIN

ACREAGE

DECREASEIN

ACREAGE

The “boom and bust cycle” – driven by the “shifty enemy”

The more information we have on the disease, the pathogen and the host,the more efficient control strategies become

Integrated surveillance

“How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with theimportance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when

in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not takethe trouble to make careful estimates.”

Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work Phytopathology 8: 219-228.

Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host

- advocacy- risk analysis and mitigation- direction for resistance breeding

Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for pre-breeding and breeding

“How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with theimportance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when

in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not takethe trouble to make careful estimates.”

Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.

Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host

- advocacy- risk analysis and mitigation- direction for resistance breeding

Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for pre-breeding and breeding

Integrated surveillance

“How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with theimportance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when

in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not takethe trouble to make careful estimates.”

Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.

Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host

- advocacy- risk analysis and mitigation- direction for resistance breeding

Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for pre-breeding and breeding

Integrated surveillance

“How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with theimportance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when

in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not takethe trouble to make careful estimates.”

Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.

Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host

- advocacy- risk analysis and mitigation- direction for resistance breeding

Importantly, it should also provide pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”) for pre-breeding and breeding

Integrated surveillance

“How can we expect practical men to be properly impressed with theimportance of our work and to vote large sums of money for its support when

in place of facts we have only vague guesses to give them and we do not takethe trouble to make careful estimates.”

Lyman GR (1918). The relation of phytopathologists to plant disease survey work. Phytopathology 8: 219-228.

Provides information on the disease, pathogen and host

- advocacy- risk analysis and mitigation- direction for resistance breeding

Importantly, it should also provide relevant pathogen germplasm (“pathotypes”, “races”, “strains”) for pre-breeding and breeding

Integrated surveillance

Distribution and incidence:

• where? [geo-referencing via GPS technology]• on what? [primary/ accessory/ alternate host] • when?• what rust or rusts [stem/ leaf/ stripe/ etc]?• how much is present?

Adding value - information on the pathogen:

• what pathotype(s) is/ are present?• what is the DNA fingerprint of the rust?

Adding value - information on the host:

• what cultivars are grown in the region?• what resistance genes do they carry?

Iraq May 2010

Integrated surveillance

Extension/ outreach

Distribution and incidence:

• where? [geo-referencing via GPS technology]• on what? [primary/ accessory/ alternate host] • when?• what rust or rusts [stem/ leaf/ stripe/ etc]?• how much is present?

Adding value - information on the pathogen:

• what pathotype(s) is/ are present?• what is the DNA fingerprint of the rust?

Adding value - information on the host:

• what cultivars are grown in the region?• what resistance genes do they carry?

Iraq May 2010

Integrated surveillance

Extension/ outreach

Distribution and incidence:

• where? [geo-referencing via GPS technology]• on what? [primary/ accessory/ alternate host] • when?• what rust or rusts [stem/ leaf/ stripe/ etc]?• how much is present?

Adding value - information on the pathogen:

• what pathotype(s) is/ are present?• what is the DNA fingerprint of the rust?

Adding value - information on the host:

• what cultivars are grown in the region?• what resistance genes do they carry?

Iraq May 2010

Integrated surveillance

Extension/ outreach

Rusts migrate rapidly over long distances (within and between continents)

Rust pathogens are highly variable (e.g. mutation)

More rust = more mutants = more races = resistances are overcome more rapidly

Less rust = fewer mutants = fewer races = resistances last longer

Strong justification for regional/ global coordination and collaboration

Rusts are therefore “social diseases”

Global monitoring of rust pathogens –why?

Surveillance at any level is only as good as the network of people contributing

Surveillance scales:

Temporal [short-term, long-term]Spatial [national, international, global]

Surveillance has been conducted for all 3 wheat rusts in many countries and in some regions

Few examples of truly international surveys, and even fewer of global monitoring

1st International Plant Pathology Conference (1968), resolution passed to survey regional differences in virulence in several plant pathogens including P. graminis tritici and P. striiformis tritici

Until now, no long term global surveillance effort made on any plant pathogen

Global surveillance of wheat rust pathogens

The Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System [GCRMS]

The Global Cereal Rust Monitoring System is the first time a concerted integrated surveillance effort has been made for a rust (disease, host,

pathogen) globally, long-term.

Stem rust baseline survey workshop [Nov 2008 Shimla India]

Four components:

Component 23.a. GCRMSComponent 23.b. SurveillanceComponent 23.c. Pathogen characterizationComponent 23.d. Host characterization

12 organisations involved in research

Many contributing partners

Underpins pre-breeding (Objective 26), breeding (Objective 25), and the release and post-release management of wheat germplasm (Objective 21).

Provides guidance to stem rust phenotyping activities (Objective 24), and is instrumental in advocacy efforts (Objective 22).

Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat Project, Objective 23

GCRMS – current status

Online resources:RustTrackerWheat Rust Toolbox

Data from 2013:1,240 published records16+ countries2 new countries – Malawi + Tanzania

Overall data:13,043 published survey records35 countries

Long-term sustainability

Pathogen

Limitations on movement of living rust cultures between countriesIn-country race analysisPreserving living cultures of rust isolatesUse of key pathotypes in pre-breeding and breedingMonitoring virulence for minor (Adult Plant) resistance

Host – risk assessment and mitigation [early warning]

What cultivars are grown in different regionsThe resistance genes in those cultivars and advanced breeding lines

Sharing information

Surveillance at any level is only as good as the network of people contributing

Lessons learned: gaps and challenges

Molecular diagnostics

Linked markers

Long-term sustainability

Pathogen

Limitations on movement of living rust cultures between countriesIn-country race analysisPreserving living cultures of rust isolatesUse of key pathotypes in pre-breeding and breedingMonitoring virulence for minor (Adult Plant) resistance

Host – risk assessment and mitigation [early warning]

What cultivars are grown in different regionsThe resistance genes in those cultivars and advanced breeding lines

Sharing information

Surveillance at any level is only as good as the network of people contributing

Lessons learned: gaps and challenges

Molecular diagnostics

Linked markers

- increased stripe rusting in triticale cv. Tobruk in southern NSW in 2009- due to virulence for a minor APR gene, YrTobruk

+ YrTobruk

Images courtesy of Dr Colin Wellings

Most cultivars have both major and minor (backbone) resistance-minor gene resistance to stripe rust in Tobruk triticale defeated

134 E16 A+ J+

134 E16 A+ J+ T+

Avocet NILs, Dr Colin Wellings-monitoring virulence for minor genes

Genotype Yr geneYr1/6*Avocet S Yr18Yr5/6*Avocet S Yr5Yr6/6*Avocet S Yr6Yr7/6*Avocet S Yr7Yr8/6*Avocet S Yr8Yr9/6*Avocet S Yr9Yr10/6*Avocet S Yr10Yr15/6*Avocet S Yr15Yr17/6*Avocet S Yr17Yr18/6*Avocet S Yr18Yr24/6*Avocet S Yr24Yr26/6*Avocet S Yr26Yr27/6*Avocet S Yr27Yr32/6*Avocet S Yr32YrSp/6*Avocet S YrSpaldings ProlificAvocet R YrAAvocet S

147 two-gene combination lines have been produced

Yr4, Lr53/Yr35, Yr40, Yr49 and YrJub II under development

NILs with APR genes also under development

Knowing resistance genes in cultivars-wheat stem rust in Germany 2013

Image courtesy of Dr Kerstin Flath Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI)

Pathotype is TKTTC (not Ug99)

Information regarding Sr genes in German wheat cvs is lacking

At present, little or no idea of the threat posed to German or European wheat production

  Rust Response Rust Resistance Genotype

Cultivar  Leaf Rust Stem Rust

Stripe Rust Stripe Rust

Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe RustWA pt Yr17-27 pt

Axe MR MS R-MR R-MR   Sr8b  

Bolac MR-MS MR R-MR R-MR   Sr30 Yr4

Carinya R R-MR R MR-MS Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18

Catalina R R-MR MS MS Lr24, Lr34 Sr24 Yr18

Chara MR-MS MR-MS MS-S MS-S Lr13, Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Correll MS-S MR MR-MS MR-MS   Sr30  

Crusader R R-MR R MR-MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Derrimut R MR R MS-S Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17

EGA Gregory R-MR MR MR MR Lr13, Lr23, Lr34 Sr30 Yr33, Yr18

EGA Wedgetail MS MR-MS MR-MS MR-MS  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Espada R R-MR R MR-MS Lr24, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17

Gladius MS MR R MR-MS Lr37 Sr38 Yr17

Livingston R MR-MS R - Lr1, Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr27, Yr30

Mace R MR R S-VS Lr13, Lr23, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr30

Peake R MR MR-MS MR-MS Lr13, Lr37, Lr34 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Ventura R R-MR R MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, S38 Yr17

Wyalkatchem R S S S Lr13, Lr23, Lr46* Sr8a, Sr15  Yr29*, Yr30

Yitpi MS S MS MS  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Knowing resistance genes in cultivars-the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program

  Rust Response Rust Resistance Genotype

Cultivar  Leaf Rust Stem Rust

Ug99 Ug99+Sr24

Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe Rust(predicted) (predicted)

Axe MR MS S S   Sr8b  

Bolac MR-MS MR S S   Sr30 Yr4

Carinya R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18

Catalina R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34 Sr24 Yr18

Chara MR-MS MR-MS MS MS Lr13, Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Correll MS-S MR S S   Sr30  

Crusader R R-MR MR-MS MR-MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Derrimut R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17

EGA Gregory R-MR MR S S Lr13, Lr23, Lr34 Sr30 Yr33, Yr18

EGA Wedgetail MS MR-MS MS MS  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Espada R R-MR R S Lr24, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17

Gladius MS MR S S Lr37 Sr38 Yr17

Livingston R MR-MS MS MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr27, Yr30

Mace R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr23, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr30

Peake R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37, Lr34 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Ventura R R-MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, S38 Yr17

Wyalkatchem R S R R Lr13, Lr23, Lr46* Sr8a, Sr15  Yr29*, Yr30

Yitpi MS S S S  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

© University of Sydney

Knowing resistance genes in cultivars-the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program

  Rust Response Rust Resistance Genotype

Cultivar  Leaf Rust Stem Rust

Ug99 Ug99+Sr24

Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe Rust(predicted) (predicted)

Axe MR MS S S   Sr8b  

Bolac MR-MS MR S S   Sr30 Yr4

Carinya R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18

Catalina R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34 Sr24 Yr18

Chara MR-MS MR-MS MS MS Lr13, Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Correll MS-S MR S S   Sr30  

Crusader R R-MR MR-MS MR-MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Derrimut R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17

EGA Gregory R-MR MR S S Lr13, Lr23, Lr34 Sr30 Yr33, Yr18

EGA Wedgetail MS MR-MS MS MS  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Espada R R-MR R S Lr24, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17

Gladius MS MR S S Lr37 Sr38 Yr17

Livingston R MR-MS MS MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr27, Yr30

Mace R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr23, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr30

Peake R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37, Lr34 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Ventura R R-MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, S38 Yr17

Wyalkatchem R S R R Lr13, Lr23, Lr46* Sr8a, Sr15  Yr29*, Yr30

Yitpi MS S S S  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Knowing resistance genes in cultivars-the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program

  Rust Response Rust Resistance Genotype

Cultivar  Leaf Rust Stem Rust

Ug99 Ug99+Sr24

Leaf Rust Stem Rust Stripe Rust(predicted) (predicted)

Axe MR MS S S   Sr8b  

Bolac MR-MS MR S S   Sr30 Yr4

Carinya R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18

Catalina R R-MR R MS Lr24, Lr34 Sr24 Yr18

Chara MR-MS MR-MS MS MS Lr13, Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Correll MS-S MR S S   Sr30  

Crusader R R-MR MR-MS MR-MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr34, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Derrimut R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17

EGA Gregory R-MR MR S S Lr13, Lr23, Lr34 Sr30 Yr33, Yr18

EGA Wedgetail MS MR-MS MS MS  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Espada R R-MR R S Lr24, Lr37 Sr24, Sr38 Yr17

Gladius MS MR S S Lr37 Sr38 Yr17

Livingston R MR-MS MS MS Lr1, Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr27, Yr30

Mace R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr23, Lr37 Sr2, Sr38 Yr17, Yr30

Peake R MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37, Lr34 Sr2, Sr30, Sr38 Yr17, Yr18, Yr30

Ventura R R-MR MS MS Lr13, Lr37 Sr2, S38 Yr17

Wyalkatchem R S R R Lr13, Lr23, Lr46* Sr8a, Sr15  Yr29*, Yr30

Yitpi MS S S S  Lr34 Sr30 Yr18

Knowing resistance genes in cultivars-the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program

“The price of security from rust damage is a continuous vigilance in the form of surveys to detect any pathogenic changes …. And unrelenting efforts to develop cereal varieties resistant to any virulent

races that may arise”

[Johnson and Newton, 1946]

© University of Sydney