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There has been an efort to employ social similarity inferred from user mobility patterns in opportunistic routing solutions to improve forwarding. However, the dynamics of the networks are still not fully considered when devising solutions based on social similarity metrics. To address this issue, we propose two utility functions which consider the daily life routines of users and the intensity of their social interactions to take forwarding decisions: Time-Evolving Contact Duration (TECD) that weights social interactions among nodes considering the duration of contacts; and TECD Importance (TECDi) which estimates the importance of nodes. We compare our utility functions against contact- and social-based solutions, and we show that the use of daily life routines information (i.e., using TECD and TECDi ) has a positive effect on opportunistic routing. This presentation was given in the 11th International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW 2012), July 9th, 2012 in Belgrade, Serbia.
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Waldir Moreira, Manuel de Souza, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento [email protected]
July 9th, 201211th International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW 2012)
Belgrade, Serbia
Study on the Effect of Network Dynamics on Opportunistic Routing
2
Agenda
• Introduction
• Motivation
• Our Approach
• Evaluation
• Results
• Conclusions and Future Work
3
Introduction
• Powerful devices
• Spontaneous networks
• Opportunistic contacts
- Intermittent connectivity
• Many routing solutions
- epidemic, encounter history, social aspects ...
• Resulting proximity graphs are unstable
• Dynamism of users’ daily life routines
• Study the effect of network dynamics
4
Motivation
• To consider the oscillations of social interactions (influenced by daily routines)
• Two utility functions
- Time-Evolving Contact Duration (TECD)
- TECD Importance (TECDi)
5
Our Approach
6
Our Approach
7
Our Approach: TECD
A Bw(B,x)
A B
If Mx Buffer(B) and w(B,x) > w(A,x)
Mx
(1)
(2)
8
Our Approach: TECDi
AI(B)
AMx
(1)
(2)
B
B
If Mx Buffer(B) and I(B) > I(A)
9
EvaluationParameters Values
Simulator Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE)
Routing Proposals
Contact-based vs Social-based
PRoPHET, Epidemic, TECD Bubble Rap, Rank, TECDi
Heterogeneous Mobility
1036800 sec
150 (people/vehicles)
Working Day, Bus, Shortest Path Map Based
Bluetooth (250 kbps / 10 m) Wi-Fi (Bus: 11 Mbps / 250 m)
2 MB
24 hours and Unlimited
1 – 100 kB
6000
5 (Bubble Rap)
700 sec (Bubble Rap)
0.8 (Rank)
10
Results
- TECD has a gain of: PROPHET: 16.17% (24) and 18.41% (Un) Epidemic: 23.77% (24) and 23.26% (Un)
- PROPHET suffers occasional finite loops => use transmission opportunities
- Epidemic quickly exhausts buffer space => 2 MB per node
- TECDi has a gain of: Rank: 6.06% (24) and 4.88% (Un) Bubble Rap: 12% (24) and -9% (Un)
- Bubble Rap has more time for communities => increased delivery capability
- Rank doesn't consider social levels => important nodes, weak ties
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Results
- TECD with less replicas (57.37 and 121.30): PROPHET: 272.35 (24) and 247.11 (Un) Epidemic: 454.12 (24) and 535.04 (Un)
- TECD advantage decreases with unlimited => messages live longer in the system
- PROPHET and Epidemic => buffer limitations
- TECDi with less replicas (266.12 and 363.02): Rank: 302.05 (24) and 418.21 (Un) Bubble Rap: 559.69 (24) and 495.69 (Un)
- TECDi reduces the potential next hops => important nodes, strong ties
- Bubble Rap has the highest costs => global centrality
12
Results
- Latency increases with TTL
- Lack of a stale data removal mechanism => affects all solutions
- Unlimited TTL => more messages, increase in delivery probability
- TECDi replicates based on importance => top-ranked nodes, more time to reach destination
- Bubble Rap high latency with 24-hour TTL => formation of communities => finding higher centrality nodes influences overall latency
• Dynamism positive affects forwarding decisions
• TECD performs better than TECDi => node importance
• "Opportunistic Routing Based on Daily Routines," in Proc. of the 6th IEEE WoWMoM Workshop AOC, SFO, USA, June, 2012
• Internet-Draft (draft-moreira-dlife-00)DTNRG Meeting, Vancouver, July 2012
• Next steps
13
Conclusions andFuture Work
Information-Centric version of dLife
To FCT for financial support via PhD grant (SFRH/BD/62761/2009) and UCR project (PTDC/EEA-TEL/103637/2008)
14
Acknowledgements
Waldir Moreira, Manuel de Souza, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento [email protected]
July 9th, 201211th International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW 2012)
Belgrade, Serbia
Study on the Effect of Network Dynamics on Opportunistic Routing
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