SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

- groups of persons banded together for common purposes having rights, privileges, liabilities, goals, or objectives distinct and independent from those of individual members. Characteristics of an Institution

1. Institutions are purposive. 2. They are relatively permanent in their

content. 3. Institutions are structured 4. Institutions are unified structure. 5. Institutions are necessarily value-laden

Five Major Social Institutions 1. The Family 2. Education 3. Religion 4. Economic Institutions 5. Government

The Family -the smallest social institution with the unique function or producing and rearing the young.

Functions of the Family

1. Reproduction of the race and rearing of the young

2.Cultural transformation or enculturation

3. Socialization of the child

4. Providing affection and a sense of security

5. Providing the environment for personality development and the growth of self-concept in relation to others.

6. Providing social status

The family maybe classified in different ways;

According to Structure: 1. Conjugal or nuclear family 2. Consanguine or extended family According to Term of Marriage: 1. Polyandry

2. Polygamy 3. Cenogamy According to the Line of Descent: 1. Patrilineal 2. Matrilineal 3. Bilineal According to Place of Residence: 1. Patrilocal 2. Matrilocal 3. Neolocal With Reference to Authority (or who is considered head of the family): 1. Patriarchal 2. Matriarchal 3. Equalitarian Education Functions of Schools: Technical/economic functions. Human/social functions Political functions Cultural functions Education functions Reasons why we go to the school: 1. For intellectual purposes 2. For political purposes 3. For Social purposes 4. For economic purposes Religion It is a system of beliefs and rituals that serves to bind people together through shared worship, thereby creating a social group. It assumes the existence of the supernatural. Functions of Religion 1. Serves as a means of social control. 2. It exerts a great influence upon personality development 3. Religion allays fear of the unknown 4. Religions explains events or situations which are beyond the comprehension of man 5. It gives comfort, strength and hope in times of crisis and despair 6. It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills, spiritual and cultural values and practices 7. It serves as an instrument of change 8. It promotes closeness, love, cooperation, friendliness and helpfulness 9. It alleviates sufferings from major calamities. 10. It provides hope for a blissful life after death.

Economic Institutions A branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management. Government body of people that sets and administers public policy, and exercises executive, political and sovereign power through customs, institutions, and laws within a state. 3 Branches of Government in the Philippines 1. The Executive Branch 2. The Legislative Branch 3. The Judicial Branch GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT What is Sex? - biologically determined - what makes one either male or female

o physical characteristics o constant across time o constant across different

societies and culture.

What is Gender? - socially constructed, socially defined - what makes one feminine or masculine

- learned behaviors - changes across time - changes across places and

culture

Different Terms used for Gender Gender Role – a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, or feel. Gender Typing – the process by which children acquire the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are considered appropriate for their gender in their culture. Gender Stereotyping – are general impressions and beliefs about females and males Theories of Gender Development

Social Learning Theory Believe that parents are the distributors, and reinforce their children the appropriate gender role behaviors.

Cognitive Development Theory

Children’s gender typing occurs after children think of themselves as boys and girls. Once they consistently conceive of themselves as male or female, children prefer activities, objects, and attitudes consistent with this label.

Gender Schema Theory Gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender appropriate and gender inappropriate in their culture. Gender Equality A social order in which women and men share the same opportunities and the same constraints on full participation in both the economic and the domestic realm. Gender equality exists when both sexes are able to:

share equally in the distribution of power and influence

have equal opportunities for financial independence through work or through setting up business

enjoy equal access to education and the opportunity develop personal ambitions, interests and talents

share responsibility for the home and children and are completely free from coercion, intimidation and gender-based violence both at work and at home.

Gender Inequality = Gender Gap

A difference in opinions or attitudes

between men and women concerning a

variety of public and private issues.

Gender and Power- refers to the

different ways men and women play in

society and the relative power they wield.

CULTURE CHANGE AND ITS ELEMENTS

Culture change refers to all alterations affecting new traits or trait complexes and to change in a culture content and structure. Culture change involves the following elements: 1. The development of oral and written language and other means of communication 2. Modification of technology

3. Shifts in economic principles 4. The historical evolution of religious thought and political ideology 5. Variations in musical styles and in other art forms 6. Transition in scientific theory 7. Alterations in the forms and rules of social interactions