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What does this settlement do? What is its function? Why is it located where it is? Do you think it is an 'important' settlement?
Settlement revision
Location factors, land use, zones
How is land used in urban areas?
• 30 seconds….
• List as many different ways that land can be used in urban areas
What land uses can you identify from G.I.S?
From O.S. maps?
From an aerial photograph?
Burgess land use model
Outer Suburbs (Rural-Urban Fringe)
Inner Suburbs
Inner City/ Twilight Zone
Industrial Zone
CBD
The Burgess Model can work…but is it accurate?
CBD
Outer Suburbs
Inner Suburbs
Inner City
Industrial Zone
The Hoyt Model = CBD
= industry
= inner city / low class residential
= inner suburb (middle class residential)
= outer suburb (high class residential)
MEDC urban land use
6. Semi-detached
houses with gardens
11. Lots of public
transport links
10. Parks and open spaces
18. Modern out-of -town
shopping centres
16. Terraced housing
17. Some garages
9. High-rise flats may now replace some
run-down areas
5. Shops and Offices
13. Tall high density
buildings
1. Leisure and
entertainment facilities
15. Land is cheaper
14. Cheapest housing
19. High-value land
3. Very few driveways
2. Large detached
houses with garages
8. Grew in response to
increased car ownership
12. Oldest
4. Most expensive
houses
20. Industry
7. Newest
Categorise : 5 zones
Characteristics of a CBD
Old Core
Very Accessible
Entertainment -
Historical buildings
Government buildings
•Many have covered shopping centres
Traffic Restrictions
Land has very high value -
Many National Chain stores
Little/ No Residential
Banks, building societies, Estate Agents
Characteristics of Industrial
Zone
Found near docks / rivers / coast / transport links
Poorer quality terraced housing nearby (for workers)
Grew rapidly in Industrial Revolution
Some areas being redeveloped into trendy modern apartment blocks
May have derelict land: land pollution issues
Close to CBD for trade / commute
Characteristics of the Inner City /
Twilight zone
High density housing mixed with shops & industry
Terraced housing
Often run down
Land values are lower than the CBD but still high. Population density is very high
Crowded areas, little open space
No front or back gardens (just a small back yard)
factories providing employment
Social Problems
Houses are small to make cheaper to buy / rent
Characteristics of Inner Suburbs
Transport links into city
Land is cheaper…so you can buy a bigger house
More land space available = bigger gardens
Houses are semi-detached / large terraced, some have drives or garages
Fewer corner shops
House prices increase
Bigger gardens
Characteristics of Outer Suburbs
Closer to countryside (rural-urban fringe)
Large detached houses, big gardens
Lots of driveways and garages
Houses are expensive
Land is cheap = big homes
Very few services (have to drive to a shop)
Out-of-town retail parks / supermarkets
Questions
1. Why are there so many tall buildings in the CBD? (2)
2. Name 3 features all CBDs have in common? (3)
3. Why do you think the gardens are so small in the inner city? (1)
4. Why do you think driveways become more common in the suburbs? (2)
5. What are the advantages of building retail centres / hypermarkets out of town in outer suburbs? (4)
LEDC urban land use
LEDC land use model
The most important difference = • In an LEDC the high cost residential is NEAREST the CBD
whereas in an MEDC this is reverse. Because……• In an LEDC, favela / shanty towns are on the outer
suburbs. Because…..
Favela characteristics
What is urbanisation?
Services & settlements
• Smaller settlements = fewer services (mostly low order goods)
• Large settlements = more services (including high order, specialist goods)
• These services affect the sphere of influence
Settlement hierarchies & sphere of influence
Case studies
• MEDC = Portsmouth, UK
• LEDC = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Most likely to…..
In which zone are you most likely to have the following happen?
….Get your car stolen?….See a fox at night?….See a Porsche parked?….Have a school with good exam grades?….Have people complaining about noise from their neighbours?….See empty McDonalds wrappers on the floor?….Be able to buy milk at 10.30 at night?….Be able to catch a bus to visit friends anywhere?….See a police car with its blue lights flashing?….Hear horses neighing?
Grid
Gunwharf and Dockyard:
What land uses are in this zone?• • • • • • • Why is this zone located here?
Name of this zone:
BACK
Commercial Road:
What land uses are in this zone?• • • • • • • Why is this zone located here?
Name of this zone:
BACK
BACK
North Harbour
What land uses are in this zone?• • • • • • • Why is this zone located here?
Name of this zone:
BACK
Farlington:
What land uses are in this zone?• • • • • • • Why is this zone located here?
Name of this zone:
BACK
Southsea:
What land uses are in this zone?• • • • • • • Why is this zone located here?
Name of this zone:
BACK
Somerstown:
What land uses are in this zone?• • • • • • • Why is this zone located here?
Name of this zone:
Examination Case Study Question
For an MEDC urban area that you have studied:
1.Locate your chosen place (2)2.Describe its pattern of land use (4)3.Explain this pattern of land use (4)
Grid refs check: 10 questions
• Use Tracing paper and 1:25,000 maps of Portsmouth.
• Create a key for the 5 land use zones.
• Mark out + trace the zones from the OS map onto your tracing paper.
Land use change
• Why does land use change in urban areas?
• What are the effects?
Gunwharf Quays 1999 Gunwharf Quays 2010
Brownfield or Greenfield – Which is best?
Brownfield - A site that has been built on before and is ready for
development. Normally associated with urban inner city
areas
Greenfield – A site that has not been built on before. Often
rural/countryside areas. This includes the rural-urban fringe.
Land use change – multipurpose land use is more sustainable
• How sustainable is developing a Brownfield site compared to a Greenfield site?– Quality of life?– Access to services & jobs?– Waste disposal and costs involved?– Energy savings?– Cost to environment?
BBC CLIP 2BBC CLIP
Advantages of Brownfield Sites Advantages of Greenfield Sites
Disadvantages of Brownfield Sites Disadvantages of Greenfield Sites
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Brownfield and Greenfield Sites?
Sustainable cities
Urban problems and solutions
Recap:
What is sustainability?
How do you think a city can be made more
sustainable?
What problems do cities have that are
unsustainable?
Problems of urban areas Possible sustainable solution
• Overcrowding in the inner city
• Crime (e.g. vandalism, gang crime, etc.)
• Congestion
• Noise & air pollution (from factories & cars)
• Derelict land
Sustainable urban redevelopment?
BedZed
Gunwharf Quays
London 2012 Olympics
HOW HAS RETAIL PROVISION CHANGED OVER TIME?
How has retail provision
changed over time?
Quality of Life
Clone towns
Out of town shopping centres / supermarkets
E-tailing
Ethical shopping
MNCs
Superstores / Retail Parks
• Need a lot of space so locate out-of-town• Often built on greenfield sites• Tend to be near transport points, easy access• Often open late or 24/7 every day• Impacts on CBD : competition, lose business,
traffic patterns change• Impacts on suburbs: congestion, noise + air
pollution
E-tailing : online shopping
• 20% of all retail is now done online• Most brands now available online, e.g. Virgin
Megastore, Tesco, Topshop, etc. .• Advantages?• Disadvantages?
Clone towns?
• A clone town is when a town has mostly the same multinational company chains of shops, cafes and restaurants as in other towns and cities
• Key term: MNC (Multinational Company)
Settlement size vs Retail Provision
• The bigger the settlement, the more services & retail provided (especially high order goods)
• E.g. small village = local shop, low order goods• E.g. city = covered shopping centres, chain
stores, high order goods, expensive brands, etc
Case study practise
• Plan answers (mindmap?) for the case study questions 1-4 in your revision booklet
Where are you weakest?
• Look back over your mock & the self-assess guide in the revision book
• Where are you weakest?
• Create mindmaps / notes on your weakest areas, e.g.MultiNational Companies (MNCs), e.g. Coca ColaLand use / land use change (Portsmouth / London
Olympics)LEDC city (Rio de Janeiro) – favelaEtc.
