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S&T and U-I-G relations in rapid Asian catch-up countries
27th Aug. 2010
4S conference, Japan
Kwon, Ki-Seok & So, Min-Ho
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Contents
IntroductionⅠ
S&T and U-I-G relations in Catch-up countriesⅡ
Korean CaseⅢ
Ongoing Research: comparing 4 countries IV
Summary and ConclusionV
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Ⅰ. Introduction
Background
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Awareness of the importance of scientific knowledge for technological innovation is increasing both for policy practitioners and academics.
Despite some recent attention to the relationship between public science and industrial innovation in developing countries (Nelson, 2004; Mazzoleni, 2003; Albuquerque, 2001; Pavitt, 2001, 1998), the topic is still relatively unexplored.
In particular, the evolution of U-I-G relations has rarely been explored in the context of the catch-up countries’ national innovation system.
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II. S&T and U-I-G relations in catch-up countries
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S&T in developing countries
Science in developing countries
- Weak linkages between public research organisations and industry (Crane, 1977; Waissbluth et al., 1988; Sutz, 2000; Intarakumnerd et al., 2002) . Isolated from local needs (e.g. Goontatilake, 1984; Shrum & Shenhav, 1995), and linked to ‘scientific core’ (Shrum & Shenhav, 1995)
- Latin American universities have continued to focus on basic research which is not directly applicable to industrial innovation (Thomas, 1999)
Due to insufficient provision of scientists and research environments as well as mismatched demand from industry, economic contribution of science in developing countries is quite limited
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S&T in rapid catch-up countries
Scientific research and economic contribution in catch-up countries- Inverted model is proposed, but undervalues the role of scientific research in catch-up (Kim, 2000; Pack, 2000).
- A certain level of scientific capacity (‘ Focusing device’) is a ‘precondition’ for industrial and technological development (Albuquerque, 2001)
- Bernardes & Albuquerque (2003) propose interaction model in stead of inverted model. Close links between national science, national technology and national economy (Pavitt, 1998 & 2001) Lattimore and Ravesz (1996) categorize Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and India as ‘an industry-based country’ in terms of the patterns of comparative advantage in publications . Empirically, catch up countries such as Korea and Taiwan show simultaneous increase in both publishing and patenting, while Brazil shows increase only in publishing (Bernardes & Albuquerque, 2003)
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S&T and U-I-G relations in rapid catch-up countries
Country
Change in share of world publications
Change in share ofUS patents
Publications per million population
1993/1982 2006/1995 1993/1983 2006/1995 1980–19842002-2006
Taiwan 5.97 1.79 12.81 2.43 23.3 2745Korea 5.45 3.46 29.79 2.96 8.0 1786Singapore 3.53 2.32 3.20 13.5 71.6 5089Hong Kong
2.37 - 2.42 - 45.9 -
India 0.83 1.14 2.45 7.0 18.1 90Source: Kwon(2010) partly based on Nelson (2004)
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Two universities’ paths in developing countries
Source: revised from Etzkowitz (2003), p.318.
East Asia
Latin America ?
Policy harmonization by the governments’ intervention
Disciplinary coherence between the three actors (i.e. U,I &G)
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Disciplinary Specialisation and Quality variance
Degree of specialisation and quality variance of SCI publications in selected countries (1990-2001)
Source: Yun and Ahn (2002), The characteristics of structure and science activity in Korea: an analysis by SCI
Specialisation Quality Variance
KoreaChina
Taiwan
Ireland
Japan
Netherlands
Australia
UK
Finland
Germany
France
Swiss
Canada
US
US
Canada
Swiss
France
Germany
Finland
UK
Australia
Netherlands
Japan
Ireland
ChinaKoreaTaiwa
n
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Specialisation and Quality variance
Degree of specialisation and quality variance of SCI publications in selected countries (2001-2005)
Source: authors, based on ISI database
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III. Korean Case
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Three actors’ scientific activities across disciplines
World shares of Korean SCI publications and their citations (2001-2005)
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Change of scientific activities
Change of world share of Korean universities’ publications by period
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IV. Ongoing Research : 4 Countries’ Cases
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Disciplinary change of technological activities
Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
Hong Kong
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Disciplinary changes of scientific activities
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V. Summary and Conclusion
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Summary and Further Studies
Exploring the U-I-G relations through disciplinary match between
scientific research and technological activities in catch-up countries
Enhance indicators to measure the linkage between U, I & G
and between science and technology (e.g. patents citing papers)
Corroboration of quantitative results based on
qualitative investigation on U-I-G policy in difference countries