Research review of iot

PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015

© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.

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PUCIT Punjab University College of Information Technology

Internet Of Things Research Review

Group Members

ABDULLAH AZIZ BCSF11A021

WAQAR NISAR BCSF11A054

ABID MAJEED MALIK BCSF11A051

KASHMALA JAVAID BCSF11A015

Summary



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1. Introduction Internet of Things is an environment of smart small hosting devices (because they get attached with any device and make them smart device) which are Always, Anywhere and Anytime (3As of IoT) connected with each other and sending some data or information which can further be processed over cloud to generate meaningful analytic result that can help a lot or to trigger an automatic action according to the analysis. These small devices are called the "THING" of Internet of Things and this environment comprises of 3 ingredients called Device, Network and Application also known as DNA of Internet of Things.

1.1 Criteria for a “THING” to be a part of INTERNET OF THINGS 1. It should send some sensory data (like pressure temperature humidity). 2. It should have unique identification so that it will get identify while

communicating.

3. It should communicate with similar itself and Internet gateway as well like WiFi.

2. The internet of things application domains The IoT can be applied in a whole range of domains as follows and many more else.

1. Medical/Health 2. Retail, logistics and supply chain management 3. Transport 4. Insurance 5. Agriculture 6. Telecommunication 7. Education 8. Environment monitoring 9. Manufacturing 10. Home automation 11. Information security 12. Energy



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3.Technologies of Internet of things

Technologies of Internet of things are:

3.1. Hardware 3.1.1 Wireless SoC (system on chip): Manufactures like Gainspan, Wiznet, Nordic Semiconductor, TI and others are creating self-contained, RF-certified module solutions that have TCP, UDP and IP on chip. These solutions include built-in security features, can reduce certification times and allow companies to add communication to any microcontroller-based (MCU-based) product with little RF expertise. 3.1.2 Prototyping boards and platforms: From the Arduino to the Raspberry Pi to the new BeagleBone Black, there are a large number of community DIY and prototyping platforms available that are making its possible to create your own Internet of Things project.



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3.2. Backbone A few key components to Internet of Things architecture. 3.2.1 IPv4 and IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. Every device on the Internet must be assigned an IP address in order to communicate with other devices. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to the Internet, the need arose for more addresses than IPv4 is able to accommodate. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses, or more than 7.9×1028 times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses. 3.2.2 UDP The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite (the set of network protocols used for the Internet). With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. 3.2.3 TCP The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is intended for use as a highly reliable host-to-host protocol between hosts in packet-switched computer communication networks, and in interconnected systems of such networks. 3.2.4 6LoWPAN 6LoWPAN is an acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. The 6LoWPAN group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks. 3.3 Communication: 3.3.1 RFID - ISO/IEC Standards list A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response. The readers generally transmit their observations to a computer system running RFID software or RFID middleware.



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RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. Frequency: 120–150 kHz (LF), 13.56 MHz (HF), 433 MHz (UHF), 865-868 MHz (Europe)902-928 MHz (North America) UHF, 2450-5800 MHz (microwave), 3.1–10 GHz (microwave) Range: 10cm to 200m Examples: Road tolls, Building Access, Inventory 3.3.2 EnOcean - ISO/IEC 14543-3-10 (Alliance) The EnOcean technology is an energy harvesting wireless technology used primarily in building automation systems; but is also applied to other applications in industry, transportation, logistics and smart homes. Modules based on EnOcean technology combine micro energy converters with ultra low power electronics and enable wireless communications between batteryless wireless sensors, switches, controllers and gateways. Frequency: 315 MHz, 868 MHz, 902 MHz Range: 300m Outdoor, 30m Indoors Examples: Wireless switches, sensors and controls 3.3.3 NFC - ISO/IEC 18092 and ISO/IEC 14443-2,3,4, JIS X6319-4 NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 10 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered. Frequency: 13.56 MHz Range: < 0.2 m Examples: Smart Wallets/Cards, Action Tags, Access Control



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3.3.4 Bluetooth Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Frequency: 2.4GHz Range: 1-100m Examples: Hands-free headphone 3.3.5 WiFi Wi-Fi is a technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards. Frequency: 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz and 4.9/5.0 GHz bands. Range: Common range is up to 100m but can be extended. Applications: Routers, Tablets, etc 3.3.6 GSM GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 90% of the world’s population. GSM satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available. Frequency: Europe: 900MHz & 1.8GHz, US: 1.9GHz & 850MHz, Full List can be found here. Data Rate: 9.6 kbps Examples: Cell phones, M2M, smart meter, asset tracking. And more like:

• 3G • 4G LTE • ANT • DASH7 • ETHERNET • GPRS • PLC/POWERLINE



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• Z-WAVE • ZigBee

3.4 Software There are lot of Operating System for Internet of things like: 3.4.1 Riot OS RIOT OS is an operating system for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It is based on a microkernel and designed for energy efficiency, hardware independent development, a high degree of modularity.

• Support for 6LoWPAN, IPv6, RPL, TCP, and UDP • Built for maximum energy-efficiency and low resource requirements: Min RAM

(~ 1.5kB) and Min ROM (~ 5kB) • Ability to operate on several platforms (Embedded devices and common PCs) • Standard programming in C or C++ and can run both 16 and 32-bit platforms

3.4.2 Thingsquare Mist Thingsquare Mist brings resilient wireless mesh networking and true Internet-connectivity to the Internet of Things. The Thingsquare Mist open source firmware is exceptionally lightweight, battle-proven, and works with multiple microcontrollers with a range of radios. Thingsquare Mist typically runs on hardware with 64-256 kilobytes of flash and 16-32 kilobytes of RAM."

4. Internet Of Things Protocols There is a broad set of protocols which are promoted as the silver bullet of IoT communication for he higher level M2M protocol in the protocol stack. Note that these IoT or M2M protocols focus on the application data transfer and processing. The following list summarizes the protocols generally considered.

• CoAP • Continua – Home Health Devices • DDS • DPWS: WS-Discovery, SOAP, WSAddressing, WDSL, & XML Schema • HTTP/REST • MQTT • UPnP • XMPP • ZeroMQ



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These protocols have their features summarized in the following table. Several key factors related to infrastructure and deployment are considered separately below.



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5. Data Serialization

One set of features has been obscured during this discussion and at times is critical to the system performance. This is the issue of data representation and serialization. Many of the options presented include serialization protocols. A list of these data representations include:

• XML • EXI – a binary version of XML representation • JSON • BSON – BINARY JSON • ASN.1 • XDR • YAML

These protocols were originally text based and then migrated to binary for efficiency. In the above protocols where data transfer over wireless links with limited bandwidth is required, many of these protocols added binary serialization of data and data descriptions. Examples of this are in pairs:

• XML and EXI • JSON and BSON

ASN.1 is the original binary version protocol uses for this type of data representation while XDR is an early protocol which supports binary transmission. Yaml is a serialization protocol which has evolved into a more complete IoT protocol for research purposes called Yaml4 by the researcher involved.

6. Conculusion The study investigated who the current role players in the IoT were, what they are involved in and how this shapes the future direction of IoT research. IoT is an exciting and innovative field that talks about integrating various traditional technologies to produce new applications. Therefore it is about transforming the expert from one that is focused on one area of expertise to an all rounder that understands the various technologies and how they can be brought together. The research raises an awareness on the availability of the focused expertise from an international perspective, so that collaboration can be encouraged to produce these applications. Because IoT is a new field that is about redefining the role of the researcher, it also calls for a redefinition of the direction that current traditional research takes. It also opens opportunities for collaboration in multidisciplinary research.