RESEARCH ON INNOVATION DIFFUSION

Prof SURESHKUMAR.SCHIEF SCIENTIST AND ADVISER,CSIR-NIIST,TVM

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL CHANGEECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL CHANGE

THERE IS GENERAL AWARENESS OF THERE IS GENERAL AWARENESS OF IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATION AND IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IN PRODUCTS,PROCESSESDIFFUSION IN PRODUCTS,PROCESSES

AND FORMS OF ECONOMIC AND FORMS OF ECONOMIC ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENTORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT

INNOVATION DIFFUSION INNOVATION DIFFUSION IMPACTIMPACT

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTSECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS TECHNOCULTURAL EFFECTSTECHNOCULTURAL EFFECTS POLICY AND ECOSYSTEM POLICY AND ECOSYSTEM

EFFECTSEFFECTS

ECONOMIC AND SOC ECONOMIC AND SOC EFFECTSEFFECTS

IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT AND IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT AND GROWTHGROWTH

BUSINESS ORGANISATION BUSINESS ORGANISATION

MARKET AND MARKET AND INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL

CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

HUMANHUMAN

IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT

HUMAN RESOURCES HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

POLICY EFFECTSPOLICY EFFECTS

DEMAND FOR NEW PUBLIC DEMAND FOR NEW PUBLIC POLICIESPOLICIES

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR GROWTH IMPETUSGROWTH IMPETUS

ECOSYSTEM EFECTSECOSYSTEM EFECTS

DEMAND FOR MORE INNOVATION DEMAND FOR MORE INNOVATION AND AND

BETTER INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMBETTER INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM

IMPACT OF MICROELECTRONICS,BIOTECHNOLOGY,NANOMATERILS AND ICT ARE DIFFERENTBUT RAISE NORMATIVE ISSUESIMPORTANT FOR ECOSYSTEM FOR INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IN GENERAL

MICROELECTRONICS

MICROELECTRONICS [ME] CHARACTERISED BY

LARGE COMPANIES FOR RADICAL RESEARCH

GROWTH OF SMALL FIRMS BY DIFFUSION AND FURTHER INNOVATION

BIOTECHNOLOGY

GROWTH OF NTBF-NEW TECH BASED FIRMS SIGNIFICANT

INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IN SMALL FIRMS

LARGE FIRMS FLOATING NTBF

ICT

ROLE OF PUBLIC FUNDED RESEARCH

ALLIANCES WITH LARGE FIRMS

INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION THRU SMALL AND LARGE FIRMS

NANOMATERIALS-NETWORKS

STRATEGIC ALLIANCES NIS PPP TRIPLE HELIX NTBF RESEARCH NETWORKS

NORMATIVE ISSUES

GENERAL ASPECTS

IMPORTANT FOR INNOVATION AND DIFUSION DYNAMICS ACROSS SECTORS

-INNOVATION AND -INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION IS LINKED TO DIFFUSION IS LINKED TO COMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS

CRUCIAL CONCERNCRUCIAL CONCERN

-ADOPTING AND ADAPTING -ADOPTING AND ADAPTING

TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATIONSORGANISATIONAL INNOVATIONS

RELATED ECOSYSTEM ISSUES

• ECONOMIC• TECHNO-HUMAN/SOCIAL• CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES WHICH

FAVOUR OR HAMPER DIFFUSION AND INTRODUCTIOM

• THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONTEXT FOR INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION

ECONOMIC

• APPROPRIATING ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM INNOVATIONS

• RELATED TO IPR ISSUES

• TRIPS AND INDIAN PATENT ACTS

TECHNO-SOCIAL

• RELATION BETWEEN NEW TECHNOLOGY AND

• LABOUR PROCESSES

• HUMAN ASPECTS AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION IN FIRMS

ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS

• FORMAL AND INFORMAL STRUCTURES

• SMALL GROUP DYNAMICS

• INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

• HRM ISSUES

J.SCHUMPETER-DISTINCTION BETWEEN J.SCHUMPETER-DISTINCTION BETWEEN INNOVATION,INVENTION AND DIFFUSIONINNOVATION,INVENTION AND DIFFUSION

INVENTION-FIRST DEVELOPEMNT OF A NEW INVENTION-FIRST DEVELOPEMNT OF A NEW ARTIFACT OR PROCESSARTIFACT OR PROCESS

INNOVATION-ENTAILS ECONOMIC INNOVATION-ENTAILS ECONOMIC APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

DIFFUSION-DESCRIBES ITS INTRODUCTION DIFFUSION-DESCRIBES ITS INTRODUCTION BY BUYERS OR COMPETITORSBY BUYERS OR COMPETITORS

PRACTICAL PARADIGMPRACTICAL PARADIGM

ECONOMICAL BEHAVIOURECONOMICAL BEHAVIOUR TECHNICAL BEHAVIOURTECHNICAL BEHAVIOUR INDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOURINDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOUR ORGANISATIONAL ORGANISATIONAL

BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOUR

ECONOMICAL BEHAVIOURECONOMICAL BEHAVIOUR

ECONOMICALLY MINDED ECONOMICALLY MINDED RESEARCH RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS ESTABLISHMENTS INTRODUCE INVENTION AS INTRODUCE INVENTION AS AN INNOVATION FROM AN INNOVATION FROM STARTSTART

TECHNICAL BEHAVIOURTECHNICAL BEHAVIOUR

DIFFUSION ENTAILS DIFFUSION ENTAILS FURTHER INNOVATION ON FURTHER INNOVATION ON THE PART OF THE THE PART OF THE DEVELOPER AND USERDEVELOPER AND USER

INDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOURINDUSTRIAL BEHAVIOUR

INVENTION SUGGEST INVENTION SUGGEST POTENTIAL FOR POTENTIAL FOR TECHNOL.PROGRESS AND TECHNOL.PROGRESS AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTHINDUSTRIAL GROWTH

ORGANISATIONAL ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOUR

INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION HINT AT ECON./SOC/ORGAN HINT AT ECON./SOC/ORGAN INCENTIVES ANDINCENTIVES AND

IMPEDIMENTS TO THE IMPEDIMENTS TO THE INCORPORATION OF TECHNOL INCORPORATION OF TECHNOL ADVANCES INTO ADVANCES INTO ECO.PRODUCTS/PROCESSESECO.PRODUCTS/PROCESSES

TECHNOLOGY AS INFORMATION

ARROW ANALYSED TECHNOLOGY AS INFORMATION

STARTED THE AREA OF ECONOMICS OF R AND D

ARROW---MAIN POINTS

CHARACTERISED BY PUBLIC GOOD FEATURES

POTENTIAL TO BE TRANSMITTED AND REUSED REPEATEDLY

PROPERTY OF INNOVATION

STIGLITZ WORK ON ECONOMICS OF IMPERFECT

INFORMATIONUNCERTAINTY AND INTANGIBLEECONOMICS OF TANGIBLES DIFFERS

STIGLITZ—MAIN POINTS

NOTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EITHER GIVEN OR

ARE SUBJECT TO THE EXOGENOUS DYNAMICS OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES

AGENCY EFFECTS

INFLUENCES ACTUAL EXPLOITATION

AFFECTED BY FACTORS CAUSING IMPERFECT INFORMATION

FACTORS AFFECTING EXPLOITATION

INCENTIVE STRUCTUREFORMS OF MARKET COMPETITION

AND PAST AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON

WHICH AGENTS CAN DRAW UPON

INFORMATION VS.PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

NELSON AND WINTER,DOSI,PAVITT ETC.

ADOPTED AN APPROACH BASED ON SHARP DOMAIN DISTINCTION

BETWEEN INFORMATION AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

COGNITIVE ASPECTS

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AS AN ELUSIVE SET OF

COGNITIVE STRUCTURE,SEARCH RULES,TACIT CAPABILTIES

GUIDING INVENTIVE ACTIVITIES

HEURISTIC ASPECTS

RATES AND DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVITY SHAPED AND LIMITED BY

SKILLS AND HEURISTICS OF THE SEARCHING AGENTS,

THEIR PAST EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE

TECHNOLOGY TRAJECTORIES

• CONCEPTUALISE PROCEDURES AND DIRECTIONS OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES

• IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY PARADIGMS AND TRAJECTORIES[DOSI]

RADICAL VS.INCREMENTAL

• PARADIGM SHIFTS-KONDRATIEFF WAVES

• PATH DEPENDENCIES AND EVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES

PRIVATE VS.PUBLIC

• THE EMPRICAL UNDERSTANDING OF

• BALANCE BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE

DYNAMICS OF KNOWLEDGE

• NEW OPPORTUNITIES GENERATED IN

• UNIVERSITIES/PRO[PUBLIC RESEARCH ORGAN] AND

• WITHIN BUSINESS SECTOR IN PRIVATE R&D [NELSON]

INCENTIVES

ECONOMICALLY MOTIVATED AGENTS

UNDERTAKE RISKS AND COSTS OF INNOVATION

RETURN ON INVESTMENT

APPROPRIABILTY CONDITIONS AND

DIFFERENTIAL ECONOMIC RETURNS FROM INNOVATION[LEVIN]

MARKET STRUCTURES

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

MARKET STRUCTURES AND

INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE[DASGUPTA

PATH DEPENDENCYPATH DEPENDENCY

HISTORY COUNTSHISTORY COUNTS

PAST TECHNOLOGICAL PAST TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS INFLUENCE FUTURE ACHIEVEMENTS INFLUENCE FUTURE ONESONES

MODELSMODELS

DEVELOPMENT OF PATH DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF PATH DEPENDENT MODELS[ARTHUR AND DAVID]MODELS[ARTHUR AND DAVID]

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND THEORETICAL THEORETICAL MODELLING[ROSENBERG]MODELLING[ROSENBERG]

NATURE OF INNOVATIONNATURE OF INNOVATION

UNFOLDS THE DETERMINANTS AND UNFOLDS THE DETERMINANTS AND NATURE OFNATURE OF

INNOVATION AND INVENTION,INNOVATION AND INVENTION,DRIVING FORCES,DRIVING FORCES,PATTERNS OF INNOVATION PATTERNS OF INNOVATION

DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION

DIFFUSION STUDIESDIFFUSION STUDIES

SOCIOLOGY STUDIES ON ADOPTION SOCIOLOGY STUDIES ON ADOPTION OF RURAL/AGRI INNOVATIONSOF RURAL/AGRI INNOVATIONS

DIFFUSION OF SOCIAL INNOVATIONS DIFFUSION OF SOCIAL INNOVATIONS LIKE FOR HEALTH LIKE FOR HEALTH CARE,EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONCARE,EMPLOYMENT GENERATION

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL AND EMPIRICAL ASPECTSEMPIRICAL ASPECTS

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY STUDIES ON ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY STUDIES ON INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN ITS INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN ITS SPATIAL DIMENSION[ROGERS]SPATIAL DIMENSION[ROGERS]

DIFUSION OF INDUSTRIAL DIFUSION OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES [MANSFIELD]AND PROCESSES [MANSFIELD]AND

SURVEYS[METCALFE/STONEMAN]SURVEYS[METCALFE/STONEMAN]

DIFFUSION KINETICS

TECHNICAL

ECONOMIC

SECTORAL

TECH FEATURE

DIFFUSION KINETICS DEPEND ON THE FEATURES OF TECHNOLOGIES BEING ADOPTED

AND/OR SUBSTITUTED

ECONOMIC-INCENTIVE

KINETICS DEPEND ON

THE INCENTIVES THAT ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT PROVIDES FOR ADOPTION

AGENCY EFFECTS

ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WOULD BE ADOPTERS

ADOPTERS VS.INNOVATORS-BASS

INDUSTRIAL-SECTORAL

INTERFIRM INTERINDUSTRY ,REGIONAL INTERTECHNOLOGY VARIANCE IN SPEED OF DIFFUSION

[MANSFIELD AND NASBETH]

DIFFUSION PATTERN STUDIESDIFFUSION PATTERN STUDIES

SUMMARY FINDINGS RELATED TO SUMMARY FINDINGS RELATED TO LOGISTICS[ORIGINATION,LINKAGLOGISTICS[ORIGINATION,LINKAGES AND MECHANISMS]ES AND MECHANISMS]

TEMPORALITY ANDTEMPORALITY AND VARIANCESVARIANCES

PACE AND TEMPORALITYPACE AND TEMPORALITY

SLOW AND TAKES TIME AND SLOW AND TAKES TIME AND WIDE VARIATIONS IN THE RATES WIDE VARIATIONS IN THE RATES OF ACCEPTANCEOF ACCEPTANCE

S SHAPED DIFFUSION CURVES-S SHAPED DIFFUSION CURVES-PRECISE FORM VARIES ACROSS PRECISE FORM VARIES ACROSS INNOVATIONS-A TIME INNOVATIONS-A TIME DEPENDENT PROCESSDEPENDENT PROCESS

LOGISTICS AND VARIANCELOGISTICS AND VARIANCE

PARTICULAR DIFFUSION PATTERNS PARTICULAR DIFFUSION PATTERNS DETERMINED BY HOW THE SEQUENCE DETERMINED BY HOW THE SEQUENCE OF ADOPTION GOES FORWARD AND OF ADOPTION GOES FORWARD AND WHAT INFLUENCES ITWHAT INFLUENCES IT

DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS OF DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS OF INNOVATION DIFFUSION AND HOW INNOVATION DIFFUSION AND HOW THE INNOVATION HAS ORIGINATED THE INNOVATION HAS ORIGINATED AND WHAT IS ITS INFLUENCE ON AND WHAT IS ITS INFLUENCE ON ADOPTIONADOPTION

EMERGING PARADIGM

NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM INTERNATIONALISATION OF

RESEARCH PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS TRIPLE HELIX OF RESEARCH GOVT

AND INDUSTRY STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

PUBLIC FUNDED RESEARCH

• PRO IS COMING BACK TO THE CENTRE STAGE ABROAD

• PARADIGM SHIFTS VS INCREMENTAL INNOVATION

• A NEW PATTERN OF GOVT FUNDING BASED ON FORESIGHT STUDIES

PUBLIC FUNDED RESEARCH AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT-CSIR

• CONCEPTS LIKE TRIPLE HELIX• NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM• PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS• RESEARCH NETWORKS• STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

DIFFUSION MODELS

LINEAR MODEL SCIENCE PUSH MARKET PULL

MODELS ENDOGENOUS CAPACITY MODEL INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY PARADIGM ALTERNATE RESEARCH AGENDA

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