- 1. Physical Object Tagging and Decoding Amnon Dekel Embedded
Computing Seminar Fall 2005 Prof. Scott Kirkpatrick
2. Outline
- Object ID Acquisition in the Field
3. Introduction
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- The act of creating a linkage between a physical object and a
symbolic representation of that object
PhysicalObject Tag Symbolicrepresentation 4. Introduction
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- Because the Brave new world of Ubiquitous/Pervasive computing
needs a way to identify the world and what is happening in it
5. Introduction
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- Enable linkages between objects
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- Physical to symbolic (services)
6. Introduction
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- Location (physical and symbolic)
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- Task (where in the process, service management)
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- Change (relative to planned)
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- Behavior Patterns (learn, react)
7. Object Tagging 8. Object Tagging
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- Note: I use a slightly different meaning than the
9. Passive Visual Tags 10. Passive Visual Tags
- Passive Visual Code Tags: Many Types
11. Passive Visual Tags
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- Dumb Tags which do not react to their surroundings
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- Range can grow by enlarging the tag
12. Passive Visual Tags
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- Provide a simple and inexpensive method of encoding information
that is easily read by inexpensive electronic readers.
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- Allows data to be collected rapidly and with extreme
accuracy.
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- Consists of a series of parallel, adjacent bars and
spaces.
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- Predefined bar and space patterns or "symbologies" are used to
encode small strings of character data into a printed symbol.
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- Can be thought of as a printed type of the Morse code with
narrow bars (and spaces) -> dots, and wide bars ->
dashes
http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro_to_bc/bcbascs.htm
13. Passive Visual Tags
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- The different symbologies have different capabilities for
encoding data. For example the
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- UPCsymbology used to identify retail products always contains12
numeric digits
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- The general purposeCode 39orCode 128bar code symbologies can
encode variable length alphanumeric data up to about30 charactersin
length. These types of bar codes are called " linear symbologies "
because they are made up of a series of lines of different
widths.
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- Most commercially available bar code scanners are able to read
all of the different linear bar code symbologies therefore you do
not need different readers for different types of bar codes.
http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro_to_bc/bcbascs.htm
14. Passive Visual Tags
http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro_to_bc/bcbascs.htm
30 Chars 12 Digits 15. Passive Visual Tags
See:http://searchcio.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid19_gci213536,00.html
Used for human readable version of the UPC, EAN, JAN, Bookland, and
ISSN bar codes and for optional human-readable digits with Code 39
and Interleaved 2 of 5 symbols OCR-B The optical character
recognition format used on book covers for the human readable
version of the ISBN number OCR-A A special font used for the
numbers on the bottom of bank checks MICR (Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition) Used by Federal Express, in libraries, and blood banks
Codabar Used in the shipping and warehouse industries Interleaved 2
of 5 Used in preference to Code 39 because it is more compact Code
128 Based on ISSN numbers, used on periodicals outside the U.S.
ISSN bar code Based on ISBN numbers and used on book covers
Bookland Similar to the EAN, used in Japan Japanese Article Number
(JAN) A superset of the UPC that allows extra digits for country
identification European Article Number (EAN) Encoding zip codes on
U.S. mail POSTNET Identification, inventory, and tracking shipments
Code 39 Retail stores for sales checkout; inventory, etc. UPC
(Universal Product Code) Uses Code Standard 16. Passive Visual
Tags
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- 1948: Woodland and Silver build prototype system
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- Used ink and 500 watt light
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- 1966: First commercial product
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- The National Association of Food Chains (NAFC) put out a call
to equipment manufacturers for systems that would speed the
checkout process
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- 1967: RCA installs reader in Cincinnati standards needed
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- 1970: Logicon: UGPIC standard, Sylvania Railroad Car
scanning
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- 1974: First UPC scanner (NCR), first checkout: Packet of
gum
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- 1981: LOGMARS (Code 39) for the DoD
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- 1984: Barcodes are mandated by Wal-Mart (remind you of
something?)
http:// www.barcoding.com/Information/barcode_history.shtml 17.
Passive Visual Tags
- 2D Bar Codes:use 2 dimensions to get more storage capacity
http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro_to_bc/bcbascs.htm
18. Passive Visual Tags
- 2D Bar Codes:use 2 dimensions to get more storage capacity
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- New "2-Dimensional" bar code symbologies likePDF417 ,Aztec Code
,Data MatrixandQR Codeare also now available that can encodeseveral
thousand bytes of datain a single bar code symbol
includingtextorbinarydata.
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- The newer 2D bar code symbologies typically require special bar
code readers that are designed specifically for reading them.
http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro_to_bc/bcbascs.htm
19. Passive Visual Tags
20. Passive Visual Tags
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- 1994: Released by Denso wave
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- The specification is disclosed and the patent right owned by
denso wave isnt exercised.
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- Has been approved by various standards bodies over the
years,
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- i.e. approved iso standard (ISO/IEC18004) and available for
purchase in their store
http://www.engadgeted.net/archives/2005/09/18/matrix-codes-visual-code-recognition-on-cellphones/
21. Passive Visual Tags
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- Uses three position detection patterns located at corners of
the symbol
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- a data area and a quiet zone outside of the symbol.
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- The symbol size ranges from 2121 to 177177 modules (increases
in steps of 4 modules per side)
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- it supports four error correction levels usingReed-Solomon code
.
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- QR codes can store up to 7089 numeric characters, 4296
alphanumeric characters or 2953 bytes
http://www.engadgeted.net/archives/2005/09/18/matrix-codes-visual-code-recognition-on-cellphones/
Position detection 22. Passive Visual Tags
http://www.denso-wave.com/qrcode/qrgene2-e.html 4 7 10 17 72 30%
7 11 16 27 104 25% 8 14 20 34 128 * 15% 10 17 25 41 152 7% 21x21 1
Kanji Binary Alfanumeric Numeric Data bits ECC Level Modules
Version 784 1,273 1,852 3,057 10,208 30% 1,024 1,663 2,420 3,993
13,328 25% 1,435 2,331 3,391 5,596 18,672 * 15% 1,817 2,953 4,296
7,089 23,648 7% 177x177 40 23. Passive Visual Tags
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- Micro qr code sacrifices storage capacity (35 Num, 21 ANum, 15
Binary) for a smaller print footprint.
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- It has only one position detection pattern,
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- supports fewer levels of error correction
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- ranges in symbol size from 1111 to 1717 modules.
http://www.denso-wave.com/qrcode/microqr-e.html 24. Passive
Visual Tags
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- Invented by RVSI Acuity Cimatrix
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- Has been placed in the public domain
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- Is an approved iso standard (ISO/IEC16022) and available for
purchase in their store
http://www.engadgeted.net/archives/2005/09/18/matrix-codes-visual-code-recognition-on-cellphones/
25. Passive Visual Tags
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- Uses twosolid bordersas handles foralignment
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- Two broken borders on the opposite corner assyncs for module
sampling
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- Uses a data area and a quiet zone outside of the symbol.
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- Additional handles and borders are added with growing matrix
dimensions. (size ranges from 1010 to 144144)
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- Supports Reed-Solomon error correction.
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- Can store up to3116 numericchars,2335 alphanumericchars or1555
bytes .
http://www.engadgeted.net/archives/2005/09/18/matrix-codes-visual-code-recognition-on-cellphones/
26. Passive Visual Tags
Multi-Colored Matrix Info Density is not clear, but Supposedly
large Maxi (UPS) Code 93 Alphanumeric chars 138 Numeric chars Aztec
3000 chars 3750 digitsPDF417 2725 charsCircular bar-codes No Data
Available More
Info:http://www.taltech.com/TALtech_web/resources/intro_to_bc/bcsymbol.htm
27. Active Tags 28. Active Tags
- Active Tagging is the use of objects that can respond to
electromagnetic pulses and return data to a query system
29. Active Tags
- RFID R adioF requencyID entification
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- An RFID tag is a small object that can be attached to or
incorporated into a product, animal, or person.
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- RFID tags contain siliconchipsandantennasto enable them to
receive and respond toradio -frequency queries from an
RFIDtransceiver .
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- Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active
tags require a power source.
An EPC RFID tag used for Wal-Mart Chip Antenna http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rfid No need for Line of Sight Communication
! 30. Active Tags
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- 1939: Watson-Watt: IFF (identification Friend of Foe) for
RADAR
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- 1948: Stockman, H. Communication by Means of Reflected Power.
Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196-1204, October 1948.
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- Active tag with rewritable memory
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- Passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key
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- Mid 1980s: First Industrial Systems:
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- Active System for tracking Dangerous materials
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- Passive RFID system (125 kHz radio waves) to track cows
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- Move up the spectrum to the unregulated 13.56MHz wavelength and
above
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- Greater range, capacity and data transfer rates (IBM UHF RFID
Patents)
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- Access control, anti-theft, smart cards
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- 1999: Auto-ID Center set up at MITRFID into the supply chain
(simple ID on chip is used to access information online) ->move
the data Off the chip (and thus make it cheaper).
http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rfid
http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1338/1/129 / 31.
Active Tags
From:FDIS 2004 presentation: Prospects for RFID Technologies
More Info:The RFID Handbook cars 32. Active Tags
From:http://www.rfid-handbook.de/rfid/frequencies.html More
Info:The RFID Handbook
33. Active Tags
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- Each frequency range has its advantages and disadvantages.
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- Europe use 868 MHz. for its UHF applications while the US uses
915 MHz. for its UHF applications.
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- Japan does not allow the use of the UHF frequency for RFID
applications.
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- Low Frequency tags (LF) are less costly to manufacturer than
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) tags.
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- UHF tags offer better read/write range and can transfer data
faster then other tags.
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- HF tags work best at close range but are more effective at
penetrating non-metal objects especially objects with high water
content.
Source:http:// www.controlelectric.com/RFID/Types_of_RFID.html
34. Active Tags
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- EPC standard UHF tags operate in the 850-950 MHz frequency
band. There is an interference with 802.xx wireless LAN
standards.
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- Older WAN standards operating in the 915 MHz band can cause
interference and may have to be replaced as interference can
occur.
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- Effective site surveys are required prior to the implementation
of RFID equipment to understand the current radio frequency
environment of the location you wish to install RFID
technology.
http://www2.cio.com/ask%5Cexpert/2004/questions/question1910.html
35. Active Tags
- RFID Identification Speed:
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- 200 static Items/sec (theoretic speed)
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- Magellan has shown a demo of 100 items/sec.
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- 500 static Items/sec (not implemented because of prohibitive
equipment costs)
Also:Magellan:
http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/445/1/1/.
From:http:// www.teco.edu/~krohn/collaborative.pdf 36. Active
Tags
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- Industrial readers cost in the order of $2,000-6,000, but small
scale systems are starting to arrive:
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- Home systems: $450 ( iAutomate )
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- Compact Flash Reader: $150 ( Syscan )
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- Phidget RFID Reader: $60 ( Phidget )
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- Press Release: $20 Reader ( View )
37. Active Tags
- NFC: Near Field Communications
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- A standards-based, short-range wireless connectivity technology
that enables simple and safetwo-way interactions among electronic
devices , allowing consumers to performcontact-less transactions
,access digital contentandconnect devices with a single touch
See:http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/news/content/file_1053.html
Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 38. Active
Tags
- NFC: Near Field Communications
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- NFC technology evolved from a combination ofRFIDand
interconnection technologies.
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- Passive RFID Tags inside Nokia Phones (3300, 3500, 6360)
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- NFC operates in the 13.56 MHz frequency range, over a distance
of typicallya few centimeters .
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- NFC technology is standardized in ISO 18092, ECMA 340, and ETSI
TS 102 190.
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- NFC is also compatible to the broadly established contactless
smart card infrastructure based on ISO 14443 A, i.e. Philips MIFARE
technology, as well as Sonys FeliCa card.
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- March 2004: Nokia, Philips and Sony establish theNear Field
Communication (NFC) Forum
See:http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/news/content/file_1053.html
Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 39. Active
Tags
- Standard: ECMA-352:1st Edition / December 2003
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- 6 External RF field threshold value
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- NFCIP-2 devices shall detect external RF fields at the
OPERATING FREQUENCY with a value higher than HTHRESHOLD while
performing external RF field detection.
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- The value of HTHRESHOLD = 0,1875 A/m.
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- In order to not disturb any communication on the OPERATING
FREQUENCY, an NFCIP-2 device shall not switch on its RF field when
it detects an external RF field, as specified in Clause 6.
Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol -2 40. Object ID
Acquisition 41. Object ID Acquisition
- Now that the information is in the world, How do we access
it?
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- Multi-Purpose Visual Recognition Systems
click 42. Object ID Acquisition
- Now that the information is in the world, How do we access
it?
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- Near Field Communications (NFC)
43. Data Entry in the Field 44. Data Entry in the Field
- So the world is tagged and we can access those tags and use
them in a variety of ways.
- The missing piece for a full cycle is to enable data entry in
the field
45. Data Entry in the Field
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- Enable commercial transactions
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- Which drivese-commerce in the field
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- Enable bi-directional content services
46. Data Entry in the Field
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- On board application uses ObjectID to carry out a transaction
(Buy, Rent, etc)
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- Swipe your phone to the object (decode ObjectID)
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- Send Transaction data commerce server (with ObjectID)
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- Commerce Server notifies in store security system
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- Capture and decode ObjectID
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- Send Transaction data commerce server (with ObjectID)
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- Commerce Server notifies in store security system *
47. Data Entry in the Field Commerce Server In StoreSecurity 1.
Visual ObjectID Decoding 1. NFC ObjectID transfer 2. Transaction 3.
Notify 48. Data Entry in the Field
- Bi-Direction Content Services:
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- On board application uses ObjectID to enable you to communicate
with a content service.
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- Keying: Click on Links or Text entry (Yuck!)
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- Capture and Upload (Voice, Photo, Video)
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- Visual Gesture recognition (gesture represent simple responses-
i.e. Yes, No)
49. Applications 50. Applications
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- Rich location information
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- Real Time Location Tracking
51. Applications
52. Scenarios of Interest (to me)
- and how Tagging Technologies can be used to help me Browse and
Annotate the world
53. Shopping 54. Shopping Information Overload! I cant
rememberwhat I want! So many options! 55. Shopping
- What can I do? I can use:
56. Shopping
- Have my (Smart) Phone help me
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- Give me more info on a product
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- Tell me what others think of a product
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- Suggest things to me (collaborative filtering)
57. Shopping
- Have my (Smart) Phone help me
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- Give me more info on a product
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- Visual decoding or NFC technology directs me to a
productinformationpage
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- Tell me what others think of a product
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- Visual decoding or NFC technology directs meto a
productopinionpage
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- Suggest things to me(collaborative filtering)
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- Visual decoding or NFC technology directs me to a
productsuggestionpage (People who bought this also)
Shopping 58. Moving Personal Media
- Now that our cell phones are rapidly becoming our cameras and
recorders, how can we use Tagging technology to enable them to
become more integrated into our media environment?
59. Moving Personal Media
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- Audio (personal recordings, music)
60. Moving Personal Media
- Moving our media is relatively easy, isnt it?
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- Start communication session
- Too many steps, too complicated, too many points of failure and
actual failure
61. Moving Personal Media
- Using Wireless data networking along with object recognition we
can make this as easy as point and click:
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- Pointat the object you want to transfer your media to
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- Your Camera-Phone decodes the ID of the object
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- The ID is translated to an address online
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- Your Camera-Phone transfers the media to the object over the
net
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- Voila: your media is now shown on the device (TV, Computer,
iPod, etc)
62. Moving Personal Media I want to move my photo to my TV 63.
Moving Personal Media I Zap my TV (with my camera or my NFC app)
Capture and decode ObjectID Xxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxx 64. Moving Personal
Media I Zap my TV (with my camera or my NFC app) Capture and decode
ObjectID 122.345.234.345.678.112 65. Moving Personal Media I send
my photo to my TV Send Photo to my TV 122.345.234.345.678.112 66.
Moving Personal Media Enjoy! 67. Moving Personal Media
- the architecture could be designed to be
- i.e. direct communication
- But the concept remains the same
- Capture code 2.Decode Address 3.Transfer
68. Summary 69. Summary
- Two main forms of Object tagging
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- Passive Tags(Visual Codes)
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- (Most probably a transitional technology except in a few
specific cases )
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- Active Tags(Electromagnetic Transfer)
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- Getting cheaper (2004 ~$0.30 in large volumes)
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- Starting to be integrated into consumer devices (NFC)
70. Summary
- Object Tagging will have a big effect on our future
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- (including our privacy, or lack of it)
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- Many possible applications
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- Connecting the physical world with rich information resources
of the online world
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- Enabling the ease of Ecommerce in the physical world
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- Adding the gigantic physical world market to the Online
Ecommerce ecosystem
71. Summary
- Problems that still need to be overcome:
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- Tag manufacturing costs still too high
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- Goal: 1 cent RFID tags in volume (~2007)
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- Conflicting and interfering systems
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- Integration of NFC (or similar) technology in a ubiquitous
fashion
72. Questions
- amnoidatcsdothujidotacdotil