Prof Paul Fleming

Director of Sustainable Development

De Montfort University

Leicester

Local and County

1. Background

2. Leicester

3. Smart Cities

4. SmartSpaces – Leicester

5. Engaging with young people

6. Next Steps

1. Background

Strategy

• Leadership

• Emissions inventory

• Action plan

• Implementation

– New developments

– Existing development

– Ongoing management

• People

Guidance

• Energy Cities

• ICLEI

• Climate Alliance

• Fedarene

• Covenant of MayorsCovenant of MayorsCommitted to local sustainable energy

International issue

• International commitment

• EU commitment

• National

• Regional

• Local

Energy and Greenhouse gas related

Data

• Reducing our carbon footprint

• New employment opportunities

• Health and pollution

• Quality of Life

• Ethical and privacy issues

• Data security issues

ENERGY?

• Heat and power our homes

• Heat and power businesses

• Move us around

• Produce goods and services

• Linked to most things we do

• Not just technical problem

ENERGY SERVICES

• We do not want gas or electricity – we want

heat, light, power and mobility

• Low unit energy costs

• Affordable energy service

NON TECHNICAL BARRIERS

• How do you overcome non-technical barriers?

• How do you implement energy efficiency

improvements?

• How do you implement renewable energy systems?

– Attitudes and behaviour

– Decision Makers

– Public Dialogue

IMPLEMENTATION“Boring” Energy Efficiency measures

• Time controls

• Heating controls

• Lighting controls

• Thermal insulation

• Energy-efficient equipment

“Exciting” renewable

• PV

• Solar thermal

• Biomass

• wind

2. Leicester

Ambitious vision

• 1990 UK’s First Environment City

• 50% emissions reduction by 2025 based on 1990 levels

• Leicester as a low carbon city

– homes

– Non-domestic buildings

– Waste

– Transport

– Public engagement

Long history

• 1990, Leicester, UK first environment city

• 1992, Leicester, received honours at the Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro

• 1995, Leicester, European sustainable city

• 2003, Leicester. Climate change strategy

• 2010, low carbon city key priority of newly elected Mayor

• 2012, launch of the citywide combined heat and power scheme

Citywide

• Planning Regulations

• Combined heat and power

• Cavity wall insulation

• External wall insulation

• Solar thermal

• Solar photovoltaic

• Smart grids

• Attitudes and behaviour

• Community energy schemes

Making Leicester a low carbon city

3. Smart Cities

Smart Cities: Integrative Approach• Focus on the data on the

physical structure of the city

• Buildings

– Residential

– Commercial

– Industrial

– Public

• External Spaces

– Functional

– Wellbeing

– Aesthetic

– Environment

• Thoroughfares

– Location

– Layout

– Access

– Mobility

Ideally, the structure and systems of the city optimise

all these

Jobs

Wealth

Wellbeing

Health

Environment

Behaviour

Efficiency

Technology

Data

• Energy Supply – Fossil fuel electricity

– Renewable electricity

– Fossil fuel heat

– Renewable heat

• Energy Demand (temperature and other data) – Homes

– Business

– transport

• Air Quality – Locally measures

– Satellite

• Other Data?

• Map supply and demand across the City. – Whole System, based on individual businesses and modes of travel

– City wide combined heat and power scheme, energy storage

– “Shift” demand to different times of the day

Carbon Sequestration data

• Carbon stored in soils

• Carbon stored in open spaces

• Carbon stored in trees

Smart Grid Energy Flows

Smart Grids: Communications &

Intelligence• What signals are required?

– Frequency: indicates national supply/demand balance

– Voltage: due to local grid constraints

– Price: e.g. Time of Use tariff

– Other status and/or control signals

• What method of communication is most effective?

– GPS

– Internet

– Power Line Communication (PLC)

– Downstream status monitoring

– Control box with WiFi/Bluetooth/ZigBee

– Smart meters

Cross-Sectoral Integration

• Until recently power, thermal and transport sectors have

been relatively separate and self-contained

– Due to the dominance of a different fuel type for each

• Oil and natural gas are becoming less sustainable

– Due energy security and climate change issues

• So where else can we get the energy from for the transport

sector?

• Gas will be available for decades, coal for longer

– But it must incorporate Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

• In a low carbon energy system, the sectors merge

– Primary supply will be increasingly electricity based

• Power sector: supply from renewables, nuclear, ‘clean’ coal/gas

• Transport sector: electric vehicles and electrolytic hydrogen

production use grid power

• Thermal sector: heat pumps, ‘storable’ electric heating/cooling

Buildings and Transport Integration

• Net zero-energy only feasible in highly efficient buildings in low-density areas

– Building-integrated renewables not sufficient for high-rise or energy hungry buildings

(e.g. hospitals)

– However, avoid incentivising urban sprawl

• Increases car dependence and transport energy use

• Public transport not economical in low-density urban areas

• Off-site supply of electricity

– Usually less expensive than on-site PV (solar photo voltaic)

• Achieves more CO2 mitigation per £

– However:

• PV electricity is becoming more competitive

• Competes against the retail price

• Improves grid reliability by relieving bottlenecks

• Smart EV (electric vehicle)charging

– Eliminate emissions cased by transport from urban sprawl

– Improve efficiency of transport from urban sprawl

– Maximise benefit of PV by avoiding export to grid (mobility is high value service)

– Improve (heat led) CHP (Combined Heat and Power) performance by balancing electrical supply

Slid

e 27

What Are We Trying to Achieve?

• The demand side solution

– Time-shifting of demand

• ...with intrinsic energy storage capability

– What methods of control?

• Active customer participation?

• Automatic (‘invisible’) control?

• Centralised or local control?

– Current focus is on

• Domestic loads & electric vehicle charging

• Demand levelling

• Short-period time-shifting

– also addresses

• Industrial demand response

– Especially in hydrogen fuel production

• Supply matching

• Long-period time-shifting

Dispatchable Demand

Example of modelling results• Proportional prosumer response – initial

findings (“milestone version”)

• Domestic demand flattening achieved:

– Intermediary ‘Smart Signal’ eliminates

instabilities seen in other models that use price

optimisation strategy for domestic customers

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Baseline demand (1000

prosumers, kW)

‘Smart Signal’

reduces peak-

mean ratio

Price optimising

response

creates

instabilities

Detailed data

• Energy and water meters– Remote switching of “non essential loads”

– Automatic, remote charging of electric vehicles.

• Data for homes and businesses– Temperature data from bedrooms

– Smart spaces example, engaging with non domestic building users via social media

• Transport– Vehicle and bus movements, traffic flows and car parks etc

• Air Quality– Satellite data, providing local information

Data available to public

• Virtual power plant - supply and demand in

Leicester

• Homes

– Database of home with real time (or day plus one)

data?

– Compare with similar house types.

• Lifestyle is key issue

Conflicts

• Local renewable (biomass) and local air

quality?

Smart Cities: Jobs and Wealth Creation• Business opportunities

– Growing cleantech sector

– Construction (and operation)

– Service orientated (more people, less materials)

– International markets

– Leadership

• New business models

– Services

• Energy services

• Car clubs, etc

• System integration

• Operation and maintenance

• Skills and training

• Free Electric Vehicle ownership is even being used as a sales incentive in the property market!

– Manufacture

• High tech (high added value)

• Offsite construction of buildings

• Offsite production of bespoke, modular, retrofit assemblies for low-carbon refurbs.

• Series production of low carbon vehicles

• Existing local expertise, plus interested in-comers

Links to Other Data

• Health– Energy poverty, air quality, room temperatures

• Economy– Leicester the place to invest for low carbon

technologies

– Businesses more energy efficient –so running costs lower

• Education– All local schools are “outstanding schools”, so pupils

walk to their local school so reducing transport energy and local pollution

Issues to addressed from the outset

• Data privacy

– Data is anonymous and people providing the data

are well informed

• Data Security

– Security is essential requirement. People not able

to “hack into system” and switch all freezers off

Green Segment

• Proposal to

integrate city

centre and

suburban

issues, use

‘Green

Segment’

concept

Green Segment Components

• Low Carbon Zone :

– Strict building/refurb.

Codes

• Connect to CHP or

renewable

generation

– LED street lighting

– Integrated train and

bus services

• Location

• Smart card

– Pedestrian + Zero

Emission Vehicle

streets

• FREE Park &

Charge points

– 1-way, per mile Battery

Electric Vehicle hire

– Hydrogen Car Club

• Discounts for

Battery Electric

Vehicle owners

• Overcomes range

anxiety

• Smart Grid

enabling

Low Carbon Zone

CHP from waste

BEV (LCC fleet) charging from CHP

Satellitelogistics hub

Square Mile project

Low-C manufacturinghub

Many workers from Beaumont Leys live here

Low carbon residentialbuildings

BEV (domestic) charging from smart grid

Wind Turbine + PV farm

Smart grid trials(Wattbox)

Hythane (grid to gas) for homes

Railway Station

Data

• Major opportunities to use data to help

improve economy and health of the city

4. Smart Spaces – Leicester

Pilot sites map

• Energy Decision Support and Awareness Services (EDSS),

– Delivering direct timely and comprehensible feedback on the

impact of behaviour on a full range of energy uses

– Enabling professionals / staff / visitors of public buildings to

avoid existing energy waste

• Energy Management Services (EMS)

– Using automatic control systems for production, (local)

distribution and consumption

– Using remote control

Services

EU Municipal Buildings

• Multiple and diverse buildings (c 500) and staff (c 11,000)

� Automatic Meter Readers collecting data

(c 2000)

� Day+1 half-hourly data

c 36.8 million bits of data per year

(but what to do with it?)

� Potential for 10% savings on energy wastage

– € 1.2 million per year

User Engagement

• Focus groups collecting requirements

• Two iterations for:– Requirement collection, prioritisation and use case

tracing

– Use Case collection and drafting

• Some detail:– >500 Individuals involved in system outline

– >300 Requirements collected

– 49 generic Use Cases defined in 4 layers

Logical

View

Development

View

Process

View

Deployment

View

Scenarios

SERVICE

PROVIDER

PROFESSIONAL

STAFF

Domain

Operations

Network

Diagnostic

and

Operations

Service

Accessibi lity

Storage

Maintenance

Add

Content

Update

ContentDelete

Content

Manage

Content

Building

Administ

ration

Add

User

Manage

Alarms

Manage

SchedulesUpdate

building

configuration

Metering

Equipment

Administra

tion

Activate/Deac

tivate

Metering

Equipment

Register

New

Metering

Equipment

Metering

Equipment

Report

View

Report

Benchmark

Consumption

Plan

Occupancy

Event

Reaction

Export

Consumption

Information

Consumption

activity

Change

zone

settings

Configure

Personalised

Dashboard

Energy Coach

Communication

Manage

Settings

Service

Availabi lity

Visual

Incentive

Dayl ight

Harvesting

Multi-level

L ighting /Dim

ming

Occupancy

Sensing

Interaction

Explore

ShareGive

Feedback

Subscribe

Get

Advice

Get

Visitor ’s

Pass

Action

Awareness

VISITOR

BEMS

SMARTSPACES SERVICES – OVERVIEW OF USE CASES

Peak

controlPeak

Prevention

Peak

shaving

Demand

Peak

shaving

Supply

Resource

Awareness

Awareness

SERVICE

PROVIDER

PROFESSIONAL

STAFF

VISITOR

INHERITANCE

Login

Register

Authorisation

check

Leicester Pilot

• 5 x university

• 7 x leisure centres

• 7 x schools

• 2 x community

• 1 x concert hall

• 1 x museum

• 1 x office

• 1 x library

• Existing metering network provides data to

energy professionals

• smartspaces will make these data available

to all building users

• Aim is to facilitate a change in culture and

achieve carbon savings

Approach:Use Cases Testing

• Questionnaire Based Assessment– To evaluate the case studies. To assist in the assessment of each case study

questionnaires were provided to each focus group outlining each test case with a

common evaluation framework.

• The “Feedback” Loop• The testing was designed to assess the use

cases with test cases (feedback

• The Process Models were assessed using

the question “Did you follow the process

as set out above?”

Approach

• Look for effects at three levels:

– institutional-level effects and drivers (which aspects of

Energy Decision Support and Awareness Services

EDSS/ Energy Management Services EMS)?

– individual-level effects and do these help explain what

features of the Energy Decision Support and

Awareness Services EDSS has most impact/what the

barriers were?

– effects at the social-level? e.g. Was there social

interaction and is this reflected in a change of norms?

Simplicity through sophisticationAdvanced consumption modelling produces a reliable, simple indicator. This is

used to generate “smartfaces”. The key information is provided in an

immediate, user-friendly format. There is no need for interpretation, users

can absorb the information in a few seconds.

Community building

� Dynamic content creates interest

� Report problems

� Identify solutions

� Active discussions

� Show off best practice

� Build a community

� Makes co-ordinated action possible

� A small number of active users

� The majority of users are passive

Challenges and Goals

Live Demo www.smartspaces.dmu.ac.uk

• A vibrant comments section is essential but...

• It is likely that most users will NOT contribute

– It is possible that none will

– The comments section could be perpetually empty

– The system will appear abandoned

• Ideas– Recruit ‘champions’ for each building to seed discussions

– User group sessions in each building

– Continually create content in initial stages

– Target of 100 active users is less than 3% of the total

Ap

pli

cati

on

Da

ta c

oll

ect

ing

Co

nn

ect

ivit

y

Temperature

humidityElectric meter

Modbus

ZigBee

Ethernet

Dexgate

Gas Utility meter

Application featuresDifferent uses of the applicationD

ata

an

d S

erv

ers Application serverData server

Router

Database: PostgreSQL

Scalability: Yes

Security: Data encryption, access ctrl.

Web Server: IIS 7.5

Technology: .NET

Security: Firewalls, access control

Service

provider

Building

professional

Staff building Visitors

LLEIDA

Electric Utility meter

with modem

Pulse

Public Weather

Station data

Hermes LC2

GPRS/GSM Xenta 511

Existent

Schneider

SCADA

Modbus

Corversor

ZigBee-

Modbus

Router

5. Engaging young people

Staff and Student Training

Inspirational Visits

Workshops

Thermal Imaging

Ca

ptu

ring

De

sign

Re

qu

irem

en

ts

Discussing Ideas with Experts

What can you remember from the

sustainability workshops

What are the 5 principles of low-energy building

design?

– Insulation

– Site Orientation and the use of natural daylight

– Minimizing energy demand

– Ventilation

– Renewable Energy

Results of Engagement

6. Next Steps

Implementation

• Technology

– Energy efficiency

– Renewable energy

– Monitoring

– Smart meters

– Smart transport

• People

– Share data

– Make more informed decisions

Smart Cities

• Move from buildings to cities

• Electricity network

• Heat networks

• Energy storage (heat and electricity)

• Monitoring and feedback

– Buildings, transport,

– People, social media

• Local and County role