Parking Lighting Energy Efficiency Webinar

Parking Lighting Efficiency

A Green Parking Council Webinar – May 31st, 2012

Michael Myer Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Michael Myer is a lighting engineer experienced in architectural lighting design and knowledge specializing in sustainable lighting design, controls, and new technologies. He received an MS in Lighting from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and has been Lighting Certified (LC) by the National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP). Within the lab, Mr. Myer works on different lighting-related projects including: Rulemaking and Standards Work; Commercial Lighting Solutions; the Energy Alliances; and the National Accounts.

Program Name or Ancillary Text eere.energy.gov

Green Parking Council, May 31, 2012

Review of CBEA Parking Lot and

Structure Lighting Specifications Michael Myer - PNNL

Green Parking Council Webinar, May 31, 2012

eere.energy.gov

Overview

Source: PNNL

• Overview

– Focus on site (parking lot) lighting

– Only allows LEDs

• Per Alliance members request

– Sets a power density

– Sets a minimum illuminance

– Warranty information

– Life extrapolation requirements

• Target energy savings of 50% or

more


eere.energy.gov

Notes:

1. Values in table are minimum values

2. Horizontal illuminance is on the parking surface

3. Vertical illuminance is taken 5’ above finished grade (AFG)

Main Parking Area

Ambient Condition Horizontal Illuminance Vertical Illuminance

Lighting Zone 2 0.50 fc 0.25 fc



Illuminance Requirements in the Specification

Illuminance What is required?


eere.energy.gov


Perimeter Parking

Front Aisle

Parking Lot Areas

Loading/Rear Drive

Source: PNNL


eere.energy.gov


Notes:

1. Values in table are minimum values

2. Horizontal illuminance is on the parking surface

Other Parking Areas

Ambient

Condition

Perimeter

Parking

Front Aisle Entry Drives, Loading

Areas, Rear Drives

Lighting Zone 2 0.20 fc 1.00 fc 0.20 fc



Illuminance Requirements in the Specification


eere.energy.gov

Lighting Power Density

Comparison of Power Density

Zone CBEA

Spec

ASHRAE/IESNA

Std. 90.1-2007

ASHRAE/IESNA

Std. 90.1-2010

CA

Title 24-2008

All Zones 0.15 W/sf

4 0.08 W/sf 0.13 W/sf 0.115 W/sf

+1,030W

3 0.06 W/sf 0.10 W/sf 0.092 W/sf

+770W

2 0.05 W/sf 0.06 W/sf 0.045 W/sf

+510W

Limiting LPD → Energy Savings

Consult specific code for all requirements


eere.energy.gov

Specification in Practice Leavenworth, KS

Highlights:

• Walmart

• 500,000 sq feet (parking area)

• 92 LED luminaires

– GE Evolve

• Pole height 37’ AFG

• Avg: 1.27 fc Min: 0.8 fc (initial)

• Payback: 6 – 10 years

• Cost of electricity: ≈$0.06 / kWh

• ≈60% energy savings compared to

standard design

• 0.04 W/SF

Source: GE


eere.energy.gov

Specification in Practice Manchester, NH

Highlights:

• T.J. Maxx (Anchor)



– BetaLED Edge



• Payback: 3 – 10 years

• Cost of electricity: ≈$0.14 / kWh

• 63% energy savings compared to

previous installation design

• 0.04 W/SF

Source: PNNL


eere.energy.gov

Specification in Practice Falls Church, VA

Highlights:

• Safeway (Anchor)



– Cooper Lighting



• Payback:

– 3.5 years against 1,000W MH

– 6.5 years against 400W PMH (alternate option)

• Cost of electricity: $0.096 / kWh

• Energy savings:

– 75% compared to 1,000W MH

– 40% compared to 400W PMH (alternate option)

• 0.05 W/SF

Source: PNNL


eere.energy.gov

• Overview

– Fluorescent, induction, LED

– Sets a power density

– Sets a minimum illuminance

– Warranty information

• Under revision (incorporating new

standards)

• Target energy savings of 40% before

adding in controls

• Works with federal tax deduction

(179D) – IRS allows a pass through

– www.179d.energy.gov

– www.lightingtaxdeduction.com

DOE CBEA – Parking Structure Specification

commercialbuildings.energy.gov

Source: PNNL

http://www.179d.energy.gov/

http://www.lightingtaxdeduction.com/


eere.energy.gov

Specification Overview Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation

1. 0.18 W/sf

Background

1. EPAct 40% Parking Structure

LPD: 0.18

2. Parking Structures are covered

by EPAct deduction

Internal Revenue Bulletin:

2008-14 Section 6.

APPLICATION OF THE

INTERIM LIGHTING RULE TO

UNCONDITIONED GARAGE

SPACE

Source: PNNL


eere.energy.gov

Specification Overview Technologies

Fluorescent LED

Induction Source: PNNL


eere.energy.gov

Specification Overview Lighting Requirements

Area of Structure Horizontal1

Illuminance

Requirement

Vertical2

Illuminance

Requirement

Uniformity

Max:Min

Covered Parking Areas 2.0 (Min) 1.2 7:1

Ramps (Day) 2.0 (Min) 1.0 10:1

Ramps (Night) 2.0 (Min) 0.5 10:1

Vehicle Entry (Day)3 60.0 (Min) 30.0 10:1

Vehicle Entry (Night) 1.0 (Min) 1.2 10:1

Uncovered (Top Deck) 0.75 (Min) 0.4 10:1

1. Measured on parking surface

2. Vertical measurements at 5’ AFG

3. Contributions from the sun should be factored in


eere.energy.gov

Parking Structure Specification Controls

Source: PNNL


eere.energy.gov

Controls Sample Usage Data Thursday, January 27

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.3

12

:01

AM

1

2:3

0 A

M

12

:59

AM

1

:28

AM

1

:57

AM

2

:26

AM

2

:55

AM

3

:24

AM

3

:53

AM

4

:22

AM

4

:51

AM

5

:20

AM

5

:49

AM

6

:18

AM

6

:47

AM

7

:16

AM

7

:45

AM

8

:14

AM

8

:43

AM

9

:12

AM

9

:41

AM

1

0:1

0 A

M

10

:39

AM

1

1:0

8 A

M

11

:37

AM

1

2:0

6 P

M

12

:35

PM

1

:04

PM

1

:33

PM

2

:02

PM

2

:31

PM

3

:00

PM

3

:29

PM

3

:58

PM

4

:27

PM

4

:56

PM

5

:25

PM

5

:54

PM

6

:23

PM

6

:52

PM

7

:21

PM

7

:50

PM

8

:19

PM

8

:48

PM

9

:17

PM

9

:46

PM

1

0:1

5 P

M

10

:44

PM

1

1:1

3 P

M

11

:42

PM

Am

pe

rage

Hour of Day

Daily Fixture Amperage

PRELIMINARY DATA – Dept. of Labor


eere.energy.gov

Controls Sample Usage Data Saturday, January 29

PRELIMINARY DATA – Dept. of Labor

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.3

12

:01

AM

1

2:3

0 A

M

12

:59

AM

1

:28

AM

1

:57

AM

2

:26

AM

2

:55

AM

3

:24

AM

3

:53

AM

4

:22

AM

4

:51

AM

5

:20

AM

5

:49

AM

6

:18

AM

6

:47

AM

7

:16

AM

7

:45

AM

8

:14

AM

8

:43

AM

9

:12

AM

9

:41

AM

1

0:1

0 A

M

10

:39

AM

1

1:0

8 A

M

11

:37

AM

1

2:0

6 P

M

12

:35

PM

1

:04

PM

1

:33

PM

2

:02

PM

2

:31

PM

3

:00

PM

3

:29

PM

3

:58

PM

4

:27

PM

4

:56

PM

5

:25

PM

5

:54

PM

6

:23

PM

6

:52

PM

7

:21

PM

7

:50

PM

8

:19

PM

8

:48

PM

9

:17

PM

9

:46

PM

1

0:1

5 P

M

10

:44

PM

1

1:1

3 P

M

11

:42

PM

Am

pe

rage

Hour of Day

Daily Fixture Amperage

GARY L. CUDNEY, P.E. Carl Walker, Inc.

Gary Cudney, P.E. is President of Carl Walker, Inc., a specialist in parking structure design, restoration, and parking studies and operations consulting serving clients nationally. During his 28 years in parking consulting, he has developed wide-ranging expertise in parking planning, sustainable and green parking design, functional design, lighting, security, revenue control systems, and structural engineering.

Parking Lighting Efficiency Webinar

Gary Cudney, P.E., President

[email protected]

carlwalker.com

• Carl Walker Green Garage Demonstrator Sites

• City of Ann Arbor South 5th Avenue Underground

• Colorado State University (CSU) Lake Street

Green Parking Council (GPC)

Parking Lighting Used to be Easy!

High Pressure Sodium

“Before”

Metal Halide

“After”

Parking Lighting Used to be Easy!

High Pressure Sodium

(HPS)“Before”

Metal Halide (MH)

“After”

With Painted Ceiling

Parking Structure Lighting Options Today • Fluorescent – T8 or T5

• Induction

• LED

• HPS & MH not used much

Parking Lighting

Induction

LED

Fluorescent

LED

• HID No Longer the Light of Choice

• A Lot of Interest in LED & Induction

• Fluorescent still seems most popular

• Install Demo Fixtures

• Have Lighting Analysis Performed

• Consider Wireless Control Technology

• Time of Day

• Photocell

• Motion Detector

• Instant On / Off

Parking Structure Lighting Trends

• IESNA RP-20-98 Garage Illuminance • Minimum Horizontal 1.0 fc on the floor

• Non-Parking Ramps 2.0 fc day / 1.0 fc night

• Entrance Areas 50.0 fc day / 1.0 fc night

• Max/MinUniformity Ratio 10:1 (Horizontal)

• 5.0 fc Average w/ 4:1 Avg/Min Ratio

Lighting Design Criteria

Single Row Layout

Not Preferred

Double Row Layout

Preferred

• Parking Structure Lighting

• Replace HID with fluorescent, induction, or LED

• Fact Sheet: Very good comparison matrix of technologies

• CBEA Performance Spec

• Efficient, yet well lit parking

• Promoting photocell and motion detector control

• Five year warranty

• Parking Lot Lighting

• Replace HID with LED

• Fact Sheet: Very good overview of LED system features

• Illuminance levels based on type of use and location

• Reduce light trespass

US DOE CBEA Campaign

• Improved Security Less Crime

• Enhanced Perception More Revenue

• Reduced Energy 40%+ Cost Savings

• Longer Lamp Life Less Maintenance

• Other Financial Incentives • Local & State Credits and Rebates

• Utility Company Rebates (Database at dsireusa.org)

• EPAct of 2005 Tax Deductions of 30¢-60¢/SF

• Very Short Payback Period (2 – 4 Years) for Conversions

• Manufacturers Finance or Lease for No Upfront Cost

Benefits of New Lighting Options

• Cost to Implement

• Technological Concerns

• LED: Uncertain Life, Quality of Offshore Suppliers, Glare,

Poor Uniformity of Early Luminaries, Highest 1st Cost

• Induction: Lower Lumen Output, Replace Entire Fixture

at End of Lamp Life, Quality of Offshore Suppliers

• Fluorescent: Old Technology (Lower Quality Perception),

Mercury Disposal, Cold Weather Lumen Depreciation, More

Maintenance Than LED or Induction

• Control Technology

• Concerns of Operational Complexity, Security, and Liability

• Waiting for “Better LED” (Cost, Glare & Illumination)

Obstacles to Lighting Upgrades

Lighting 10-Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Floor Area = 240,000 SF, 750 Covered Spaces, Lights on 24/7

Assume conduit and electrical panels reused and 1 for 1 Replacement of Existing MH

Caution: Results will vary depending on fixtures selected, environment/climate, labor costs, electricity costs, structure type, etc.

Type of Light

175 W MH

Existing

T8 3-Lamp

Fluorescent

T8 3-Lamp

Fluorescent

w/ Wireless

Controller 100-W LED

ECO Parking

Lights 100-W

Induction

# of Fixtures 300 300 300 300 300

Fixture Input Wattage 210 111

35-76-111

(Avg = 64) 103 98

Average Illuminance (fc) 6.5 6.7 2.2 - 6.7 5.6 4.3

Power Density (W/SF) 0.26 0.14 0.5 - 0.14 0.13 0.12

Maintained Lumens 9,750 10,600 10,600 7,000 6,250

Efficacy (Lumens/W) 46.4 95.4 95.4 67.9 63.8

Lamp Life (Hours/Years) 15,000 / 1.71 36,000 / 4.1 36,000 / 4.1 50,000 / 5.7 100,000 / 11.4400

Fixture Installed Unit Cost Existing $275 $430 $550 $400

Total Fixture First Cost Existing $82,500 $129,000 $165,000 $120,000

Total Fixture Cost /Space Existing $110 $172 $220 $160

Energy Cost @ 15¢/KWH $827,800 $437,600 $252,300 $406,000 $386,300

Maintenance Cost $135,000 $43,200 $98,900 $210,000 $150,000

Total 10-Year LCC $962,800 $480,800 $351,200 $616,000 $536,300

Energy Savings / Year Existing $39,000 $57,600 $42,200 $44,200

Payback Period in Years N/A 2.1 2.2 3.9 2.7

NOTE: Tax Incentives and Utility Company Rebates Not Included Due to Locational Variability

High Pressure Sodium Lighting

High Pressure Sodium Advantages High Pressure Sodium Disadvantages

Lower First Cost Nearing Obsolescence in Parking

Match Existing Facilities…If Not Retrofitted Already

Yellowish Light Color

Lower Operating Cost Than Metal Halide Shorter Lamp Life than Newer Technology

Higher Lamp Cost than Fluorescent

Higher Energy Consumption

Higher Life Cycle Operating Cost

Metal Halide Lighting

Metal Halide Advantages Metal Halide Disadvantages

Lower First Cost Nearing Obsolescence in Parking (TBD)

Match Existing Facilities…If Not Retrofitted Already

Highest Energy Consumption

White Light Higher Life Cycle Operating Cost

Shorter Lamp Life than Newer Technology

Higher Lamp Cost than Fluorescent

Fluorescent Lighting

Fluorescent Advantages Fluorescent Disadvantages

Lowest First Cost Perception of Lower Quality – Some Poor Quality Fixtures on the Market

Lowest life Cycle Operating Cost Reduced Illuminance in Cold Weather

White Light Disposal of Lamps with Mercury

Low Energy Consumption More Maintenance (Cleaning, Gasket)

Lowest Lamp Cost

Long Lamp Life

Instant On / Off For Lighting Management

LED Lighting

LED Advantages LED Disadvantages

Low Energy Consumption Highest First Cost

Long Life…But, a Moving Target

Replace Entire Fixture When LED’s Fail

White Light Some Poor Quality Foreign LED’s

No Mercury Disposal Light Distribution: Glare, Little Up Light, Less Uniform

Great in Cold Climates

Little History…Rapid Change


Lumens per Watt is too Low

Induction Lighting

Induction Advantages Induction Disadvantages

Low Energy Consumption Higher First Cost than Fluorescent

Long Lamp Life

More Fixtures Required Due to Low Light Output

White Light Lumens per Watt is too Low

Great in Cold Climates

Some Poor Quality Foreign Lamps


Good Light Distribution

Questions

Thank You Presenters!

This webinar and additional supplemental materials will be available at:

http://greenparkingcouncil.org/lighting

For more information please contact:

Michael Myer: [email protected]

Gary Cudney: [email protected]

Paul Wessel: [email protected]

If you have any suggestions for future webinars please email me at: [email protected]