Milan Zdravkovic, Miroslav Trajanovic, Ontological Framework for performance measurement of supply chain operations

6th IWC TQM 2011, Belgrade

Ontological Framework for

performance measurement of

supply chain operations

Milan Zdravković, Miroslav TrajanovićLaboratory for Intelligent Production Systems (LIPS), University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Niš, ul. Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, Niš, Serbia; [email protected], [email protected]


• How to model supply chain processes ?• Conventional process modelling• Interaction modelling• Cooperative goals modelling


Intelligent agent

• an autonomous entity which observes and acts upon an environment and directs its activity towards achieving goals

• No work reported on the goal models


Traditional goal analysis

• A Goal may have “satisfied” or “denied” state

• A goal may be AND-decomposed to the sub-goals

• A goal may be OR-decomposed to the sub-goals


Problems of traditional goal analysis

• In arbitrary situations the goals are stated vaguely

• No partial fulfilment is possible to infer• The goals may have contradicting

states (meaning of states) in different contexts• Contradicting cooperative and individual

goals


Our approach to goal modeling

• Analysis of selected (relevant) approaches and models

• Development of a formal goal ontology, mapped to existing models

• Alignment of the formal goal ontology with a framework for formalization of the Supply Chain Operations, based on SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference)


Formal framework for supply chain operations

SCOR-FULL OWL

SCOR-SYS OWL

SCOR-KOS OWL

SCOR Native formats, Exchange

formats

DomainOntologies

Implicit semantics

Explicit semantics

Semantic enrichment

Formal models of design goals

Semantic applications

Enterprise Information

Systems

SCOR-based systems

SCOR-CFG OWL

SCOR-GOAL OWL

PRODUCT OWL

EIS database

LOCAL ONTOLOGY

EIS database

LOCAL ONTOLOGY

EIS database

LOCAL ONTOLOGY

SCOR- MAP


Some goal definitions

• a goal defines a set of desired behaviours, where behaviour is a temporal sequence of states (Lamsweerde and Letier)

• DOLCE Upper Ontology• a notion of goal relies upon desirability of some agent to

take action to obtain it. • Thus, the minimal constraint for a goal is that it is a

proper part of a plan• Dependent of the cognitive state of a particular physical

agent• In contrast to a notion of objective - the purpose of an agent,

physical or social

• the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve and that (when achieved) terminates behaviour intended to achieve it (WordNet)


Enterprise goals

• TOVE Ontology• Organizational goals are decomposed to the roles played by the agents• where every goal of a role is a sub-goal of some organizational goal

(axiom) and • every goal of a subdivision is also a goal of its division (axiom). • Achievement of the goal at specific time depends on the achievement

of its sub-goals – AND or OR-decomposed• The Enterprise Ontology

• A goal is a kind of purpose• Purpose is represented by the notion of State of Affairs (hold or not

hold) – description of a situation where one or more entities are participating in one or more relationships with one or more entities

• Extended Enterprise Modeling Language (EEML)• A goal expresses the wanted (or unwanted) state of affairs (either

current or future) in a certain context.• the goals can be

• AND- or OR-decomposed into sub-goals; • applied to (relevant for) tasks, meetings, roles and resources; • used for description of precondition or post-condition of a task; • used for description of a decision or an action rule.


Goals in System Requirements Engineering

• System requirements engineering (SRE) is the process of expression and refinement of goals

• Goal analysis in SRE• Identification, decomposition• Dependency analysis

• Precedence, obligation, thwarting• Obstacles and corresponding mitigation actions

identification• Elaboration

• Defensive and mitigation goals identification• Operationalization

• Goals are mapped to the state changing actions that accomplish it


Generic goal ontology

• simplistic approach, with objective to provide only the aggregates and basic rules for classification of the notions, • semantically described in related

ontologies (SCOR-FULL), • to achieve (and use) the competence to

the extent of other models (TOVE, Enterprise Ontology, EEML, SRE)


agent

goal

goal-set

and-goal-set

or-goal-set

ordered-goal-set

cooperative-goal

hasGoal

hasSubgoal

memberOf

memberOf

contributeTo

decomposedTo

decomposedTo


• hasState(?x, literal), isGoalOf(?x, ?a), agent(?a) -> goal(?x)• Goal is anything that has some state (is described by the state-

of-the-affairs) and is goal of some agent.• cooperative-goal≡goal∩isGoalOf.(≥ 2 agent)

• Goal is cooperative only if it is a goal of minimum 2 agents• precedes hasRange(Domain) goal∩memberOf.(and-goal-

set)• “precedes” relation can be set only between goals which are

part of and-goal-set• ordered-goal-set≡and-goal-set∩∀(hasMember.

(precedes.goal) ⋃ hasMember.(succeeds.goal))• Ordered goal set is and-goal-set whose all members are in

precedes or succeeds relationships with other goals of the same set


Where is data about specific goals ?SCOR-OWL – Implicit data

SCOR-FULL – Explicit data

SWRL MappingRules


Soft-goal (metrics) types (groups) in SCOR

• value, amount (quantity), costs of assets, functional costs (maintenance), functional assets, utilization, inventory cycles (attributed to assets),

• functional costs (acquisition, handling, accounting, packaging, disposal, distribution, forecasting, order management, planning, plant operating, etc.), costs of assets, costs of configured resources (e.g., obsolete inventory, inaccurate production rule details, etc.), costs of non-compliance or non-conformance, accuracy (cost),

• time/duration, velocity (responsiveness), • cycle times, frequency, functional (source, delivery,

etc.) times, accuracy, functional flexibility (flexibility)• accuracy of assets, functional (replenishment)

accuracy, conformance/compliance (reliability)


System for performance measurement of supply chains

• Based on semantic application for SC process configuration• exploits the SCOR-CFG

application ontology• generation of a SCOR

thread diagram• Application infers the

configuration of source, make and deliver processes, on basis of asserted product topology, participants and production strategies for each component


• Part of the process definitions are also performance metrics, namely – goal definitions, whose target states are set from the metrics module of the semantic application for SC configuration.

• Verification of the goals achievement, namely reaching the performance targets for each of the metrics is initiated by the web service invocation, embedded in the process definitions.

• Web service listener receives the requests for verification of the performance goal achievement and processes those.

• Semantic application (namely, goal verification web service) rates the overall performance attributes of the SC: reliability, responsiveness, costs, assets and flexibility


Ontological Framework for performance measurement of supply chain operations

Milan Zdravković, Miroslav TrajanovićLaboratory for Intelligent Production Systems (LIPS), University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Niš, ul. Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, Niš, Serbia; [email protected], [email protected]

Thank you for your attention

Technology

Milan Zdravkovic, Miroslav Trajanovic, Ontological Framework for performance measurement of supply chain operations