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MELJUN CORTES Overview of Software
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Overview of Software
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• Computer programs: sequences of instructions for the computer
• Documentation: describes program functions
• Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs
• Application software: helps users solve particular problems
MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
Systems Software
Application Software
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• Give users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks
• Interact with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to perform tasks
• Proprietary software: unique program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company
• Off-the-shelf software: existing software program that can be purchased
• Customized package
Personal Application Software
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Serves the needs of an individual user
Includes personal productivity softwareEnables users to improve their personal effectiveness
Personal Application Software (continued)
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Table 2.7: Examples of Personal Productivity Software
Personal Application Software (continued)
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Table 2.7: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued)
Workgroup Application Software
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Workgroup application software: support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world
Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively
Enterprise Application Software
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Software that benefits an entire organization
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
Enterprise Application Software (continued)
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Table 2.10: Examples of Enterprise Application Software
Information, Decision Support,and Specialized Software
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Used in businesses of all sizes and types to increase profits or reduce costs
Available in every industryExample: analysis to increase the cure rate for cancer
Data Management
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Without data and the ability to process it, an organization could not successfully complete most business activities
Data consists of raw factsFor data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way
The Hierarchy of Data
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• Bit (a binary digit): a circuit that is either on or off
• Byte: eight bits• Character: basic building block of information– Each byte represents a character – Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter,
numeric digit, or special symbol• Field: typically a name, number, or combination
of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activityRecord: a collection of related data fields
• File: a collection of related records• Database: a collection of integrated and
related files• Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields,
records, files, and databases
The Hierarchy of Data
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Figure 3.1: The Hierarchy of Data
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys
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• Entity: a generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained
• Attribute: characteristic of an entity • Data item: value of an attribute• Key: field or set of fields in a record
that is used to identify the record• Primary key: field or set of fields that
uniquely identifies the record
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys
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Figure 3.2: Keys and Attributes
The Database Approach
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• Traditional approach to database management– separate data files are created for each
application• Results in data redundancy (duplication)• Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity
• Database approach to database management:–pool of related data is shared by multiple
applications• Significant advantages over traditional approach
The Database Approach to Data Management
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Figure 3.3: The Database Approach to Data Management
The Database Approach Advantages
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Table 3.1: Advantages of the Database Approach
The Database Approach (continued)
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Table 3.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)
The Database Approach Disadvantages
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Table 3.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach
Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model
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When building a database, consider:Content: What data should be
collected, at what cost?Access: What data should be provided
to which users and when?Logical structure: How should data be
arranged to make sense to a given user?
Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?
Data Modeling
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• Building a database requires two types of designs– Logical design• Abstract model of how data should be structured
and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs– Data model: a diagram of data entities and their
relationships– Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data
models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data
– Physical design• Fine-tunes the logical database design for
performance and cost considerations
ER diagram for a Customer Order Database
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ER diagram Showing the Relationship between the Manager, Department and
Project
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Implementing the Relational Database Model
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data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables (relations), which are the logical equivalent of files
Each row of a table represents a data entity
Columns of the table represent attributes
The domain of the database model consists of all of the allowable values for data attributes i
The Relational Database Model
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Figure 3.5: A Relational Database Model
Manipulating Databases
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Selecting: eliminates rows according to criteria
Projecting: eliminates columns in a tableJoining: combines two or more tablesLinking: relates or links two or more tables
using common data attributes
Manipulating Data (continued)
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Figure 3.7: Linking Data Tables to Answer an Inquiry
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
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• Interface between:–Database and application programs –Database and the user
• Creating and implementing the right database system ensures that the database will support both business activities and goals
• DBMS: a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user
Overview of Database Types
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• Flat file–Simple database program whose records have
no relationship to one another• Single user–Only one person can use the database at a
time–Examples: Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath
• Multiple user–Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access
the same database system at the same time–Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM
Distributed Databases
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Distributed databaseData may be spread across several
smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices
Corporations get more flexibility in how databases are organized and used
Replicated databaseHolds a duplicate set of frequently
used data
Telecommunications
Basic Concepts of Telecommunications
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• Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for communications
• Computer network: communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems or devices
• Network types: personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), and international networks
The Internet
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Internet: collection of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information
Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard that enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as needed
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): an assigned address on the Internet for each computer
Business Networks
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Intranet: internal corporate network built using Internet and World Wide Web standards and protocols
Extranet: network based on Web technologies that links selected resources of a company’s intranet with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners
Systems Development
An Overview of Systems Development
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Managers and employees in all functional areas work together in a business information system
Users help and often lead the way with development process
Participants in systems development: Determine when a project failsAre critical to systems development success
Participants in Systems Development
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• Development team consists of the following:– Project managers: coordinate system
development effort– Stakeholders: directly or indirectly benefit from
the project– Users: interact with the system regularly– Systems analysts: analyze and design business
systems– Programmers: modify or develop programs to
satisfy user requirements– Various support personnel: specialists, vendors
Information Systems Planning and Aligning Corporate and IS
Goals
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Information systems planning: translating strategic and organizational goals into systems development initiatives
Aligning organizational goals and IS goals is critical for any successful systems development effort
Determining whether organizational and IS goals are aligned can be difficult
Information Systems Planning and Aligning Corporate and IS Goals (continued)
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Figure 8.2: Information Systems Planning
Systems Development Life Cycles
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• The systems development process is also called a systems development life cycle (SDLC)
• Common SDLCs– Prototyping– Rapid application development (RAD) Systems • development approach that employs tools, techniques,
and methodologies designed to speed application development
– End-user development any systems • development project in which the primary effort is
undertaken by a combination of business managers and users
Systems Development Activities
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• Systems investigation:– problems and opportunities are identified and
considered in light of the goals of the business• Systems analysis: – study of existing systems and work processes to
identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement
• Systems design: – defines how the information system will do what it
must do to obtain the problem solution• Systems implementation: – creation or acquisition of various system components
detailed in the systems design, assembling them, and placing the new or modified system into operation
• Systems maintenance and review: – ensures that the system operates as intended and
modifies the system so that it continues to meet changing business needs