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The importance of user innovation is widely accepted, but the development of the Internet of Things is primarily driven by large commercial players. Using an innovation perspective, this paper identifies how user innovation and market-based innovation can be combined in the Internet of Things (IoT). A survey of tools for user/developers in the IoT space uncovers a rich set of tools for creation of hardware, software and data but reveals poor support for distribution and sharing of such artifacts. To address this shortcoming we propose connected marketplaces as a way to provide users/developers with rich opportunities for sharing and trading of artifacts, and to enable effective user innovation in the IoT.
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GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
Internet of Things 2010, Tokyo
Market-based User Innovation in the Internet of Things
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Gerd KortuemLancaster Universitywww.kortuem.com
Fahim KawsarLancaster University & Bell Labs
www.fahim-kawsar.com
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
This presentation is available on my blog:
www.kortuem.com
The corresponding paper is available at:
www.kortuem.com/publications and
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IOT.2010.5678434
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Innovation by users for users
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Eric von Hippel. Democratizing Innovation. MIT Press 2005
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Building the future home
Georgia Tech's Aware Home. Photo by Gary Meeks
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Current innovation drivers
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Image courtesy of http://101lab.net/blog/2007/01/rfid-1.html
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
R&D agenda ignores end users as source of innovation
Vision and Challenges for Realising the
Internet of Things March 2010
Edited by Harald Sundmaeker
Patrick Guillemin Peter Friess
Sylvie Woelfflé
The meaning of things lies not in the things themselves, but in our attitude towards them.
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
The power of user-driven innovation:social activism
EcoSnoop.com - Sustainability through Activism. EcoSnoop for iPhone is an
activism tool that allows green-aware users to assist and encourage corporate green
initiatives.
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
The power of user-driven innovation: citizen science
AKStrandNet - Allows people to take and submit photos of dead and live stranded
marine mammals in Alaska.
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
The power of user-driven innovation: citizen journalism
360News – Putting the power of full featured news reporting in the hands
of citizen journalists and news enthusiasts.
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
The Internet of Things needs user innovation.
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Shifting Innovation to users via toolkits
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Fahim Kawsar. A Document-Based Framework for User Centric Smart Object Systems, PhD dissertation, Dept. Computer Science, Waseda Univ., Feb. 2009.
Erich von Hippel, & R. Katz. Shifting Innovation to Users via Toolkits. Management Science, 48(7), 821-833.
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Providing tools is not enough
Invention ≠ Innovation. Innovation requires creation and
diffusion and adoption.
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Example: Arduino open hardware innovation community
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
The IoT user innovation landscape
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Closed Hardware Platforms
Hardware Toolkits
Software Platforms
Software Toolkits
Data Platforms
Tools for Creation
Sharing of Creations
Markeplaces for Creations
Open Hardware Platforms
Data
SW
HW
Tinker
Pachube
Dust sensor node
iCap
Phidgets
Sourcemap
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
The challenge of IoT Marketplaces
multiple vendors
heterogeneous hardware platforms
heterogenous data sources and formats
hw, sw and data compatibility
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Def.: Connected marketplaces
Def.: Two marketplaces are connected if products of one marketplace can be used to enhance, control or
interact with products of the other marketplace.
Marketplace for products
of type A
Marketplace for products
of type B
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Connected marketplace example
17
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Building the future home
Georgia Tech's Aware Home. Photo by Gary Meeks
18
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Connected Smart Home Marketplaces
section we will provide a preliminary answer by investigating how a set of connected marketplace can be realized to enable a community of users/developers to create, share and distribute innovative IoT artifacts and products. To ground our discussion in a concrete example we focus our attention on smart homes [61], an important realm for the Internet of Things, especially with respect to the recent upswing in smart energy solutions.
IV. CONNECTED IOT MARKETPLACES
In the previous sections we discussed how application marketplaces spur user innovation and diffusion in the mobile space. Such marketplaces provide an interesting starting point for an attempt to democratize innovation in the IoT space. However unlike the iPhone ecosystem, the Internet of Things cannot be confined to a single device platform and a unified distribution channel. Instead, the IoT ecosystem will necessarily consist of a heterogeneous collection of hardware, software and data components. This greatly complicates user innovation as it introduces dependencies and compatibility issues, which make it harder to share and reuse artifacts. Thus in order to foster user led innovation in the IoT space we argue for a connected set of marketplaces, each one addressing a particular innovation touchpoint. We define marketplaces as connected if products of one marketplace can be used to enhance, control or interact with products of another marketplace. A simple example of this concept is www.liquidware.com, the aforementioned online shop for open-source DIY hardware. Liquidware not only sells hardware but also offers an App Store for software that runs on
this hardware. Following our definition, the Liquidware hardware store and the Liquidware App Store are connected. In order to be traded in connected marketplaces, products need to be compatible: in this example software in the one marketplace needs to be compatible to the hardware in the other. Another form of connection can be envisioned between a marketplace for sensor devices and a marketplace for sensor data produced by these devices. However, there is no example yet for such a link (even though simple forms of data marketplaces exist, for example as part of Pachube). Connection is a one-way relationship and connections between three or more marketplaces can be complex. For example, two sensor device marketplaces could be linked to the same data marketplace. Marketplaces may also be chained: a marketplace for electronics components may be connected with a marketplace for sensor devices built from these components, which in turn could be connected with a data marketplace.
Connected marketplaces create an open ecosystem that supports innovation and diffusion across multiple levels of complexity. An innovator can use lower-level marketplace to acquire devices and tools to build something more complex and use higher-level marketplace to share (or sell) his/her creations with others, who in turn can use them as a starting point their for their own innovations. This mechanism not only supports an innovation chain from low complexity to high complexity, it also allows for a distribution of ownership and control of marketplaces.
Figure 2. Connected Marketplaces Supporting User Innovation in the IoT Space
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19
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
These connected marketplaces provide inhabitants with rich opportunities for
exchanging their local experimentations, from hardware to software and data.
Connected marketplaces support user innovation across
multiple levels of complexity.
20
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Challenges
1. Understanding and supporting user innovation touchpoints.
2. Understanding user incentives.
3. Understanding the characteristics of open innovation platforms.
4. Identifying IoT business models.
5. Identifying and mapping potential open IoT ecosystems
21
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Understanding user innovation touchpoints
22
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Challenges
1. Understanding and supporting user innovation touchpoints.
2. Understanding user incentives.
3. Understanding the characteristics of open innovation platforms.
4. Identifying IoT business models.
5. Identifying and mapping potential open IoT ecosystems
23
LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Summary
The IoT needs user innovation
User innovation in IoT is complex
Connected marketplaces
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LANCASTER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS `
GERD KORTUEM | WWW.KORTUEM.COM | @KORTUEM | [email protected] | INTERNET OF THINGS 2010 TOKYO | SLIDE
Thank you.
Gerd [email protected]@kortuemwww.kortuem.com
Fahim [email protected]
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