4. Spastic colon, Irritable colon, Mucous colitis
Affects 10% to 15% of North American population
Not structural
Characterized by abdominal pain and cramping with alterations in
bowel movements
More common in women ranging from teens to age 40
IBS typically co-exists with anxiety and depression
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
5.
6. The cause of IBS is not known but suggestions about the
cause based on possible explanations of symptoms have been
made.
What Causes IBS??
7. Usually accompanied by distention of the rectum and other
areas of the intestine. May be caused by disturbances in the brain
gut-axis, serotonin, action of mast cells and T-lymphocytes,
changes in autonomic and central nervous system function increasing
perception of visceral pain.
Visceral hypersensitivity or hyperalgesia
8. low grade inflammation and abnormal immune responses in
intestinal tissue caused by intestinal infection have been linked
to some IBS symptoms.
Post infectious IBS
9. Overgrowth of bowel flora is often associated with IBS
symptoms. Methane gas has been suggested to slow colonic transit
times.
Intestinal flora overpopulation
10. : Allergic reactions to consumed food increase mucosal
hypersensitivity and IBS symptoms.
Foods such as chocolate, wheat, milk and alcohol are usually the
culprits for these reactions.
Food allergy and food intolerance
11. Influence brain gut interactions, including neuro endocrine
and pain modulation activities encouraging IBS symptoms.
Psychosocial factors:
12. Those with diarrhea have fast colonic transit times and
those with constipation have slower colon transit times. Changes
most likely caused by visceral hypersensitivity or malfunction of
the brain-gut axis and the role of serotonin in the enteric nervous
system.
Abnormal motility and secretion
13. As the name implies IBS affects the bowel.
Lower abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, or both diarrhea and
constipation, gas, bloating and nausea.
Fecal urgency and incomplete evacuation.
Symptoms are usually relived by defecation.
Does not cause permanent damage to bowel and does not lead to
adverse complications such as cancer.
TARGET SYSTEM
14. IBS is often a life long condition that is usually
disabling.
It affects life styles more than actual physical body systems by
interfering with work, travel, socializing and other activities of
daily living.
The main effect on the body is alterations in nutrition.
Typically does not affect sleep patterns
WHOLE BODY
15. Based on signs and symptoms after ruling out structural and
biochemical causes. Blood tests to rule out anemia and stool
cultures to rule out infection.
Celiac disease, colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease are
some causes of symptoms that must be ruled out.
Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy as needed may be used.
Diagnosis
16. 3 months of continuous or recurring symptoms of abdominal
pain or irritation that
May be relieved with a bowel movement,
May be coupled with a change in frequency, or
May be related to a change in the consistency of stools.
ROME III
17. Two or more of the following are present at least 25
percent (one quarter) of the time:
A change in stool frequency (more than 3 bowel movement per day or
fewer than 3 bowel movements per week)
Noticeable difference in stool form (hard, loose and watery stools
or poorly formed stools)
Passage of mucous in stools
Bloating or feeling of abdominal distention
Altered stool passage (e.g. sensations of incomplete evacuation,
straining, or urgency)
ROME III
18. There is no cure, treatment addresses symptoms which vary
among individuals.
Life style changes like avoiding foods and drinks that stimulate
the intestine such as caffeine, soda or tea.
Smaller meals are better
Avoid wheat, chocolate, milk products and alcohol
Increase dietary fiber
Treatment
20. GERD is a more serious form of a common condition referred
to as Gastro esophageal Reflux (GER)
GER occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter becomes incompetent.
The failure of the sphincter to perform its function causes
regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus.
The contents of the stomach include acidic digestive juices and
food.
GERD
21. The acid in the refluxed contents causes the burning
sensation in the chest and throat referred to as heart burn or acid
indigestion.
GER that is frequent and occurs more than twice a week is
considered GERD
Risk factors include obesity and
GERD
22. The primary symptom is recurrent heart burn.
Heart burn is described as a burning sensation in the lower part of
the mid chest, behind the breast bone and mid abdomen.
It is possible to have GERD without heart burn
Dry cough, asthma symptoms and trouble swallowing.
Symptoms
23. The cause is undetermined in some people
The lower esophageal Sphincter relaxes randomly
Anatomical abnormalities include hiatal hernia
The diaphragm helps the lower esophageal sphincter in its
function
Duodenal ulcers and pyloric strictures that delay gastric
emptying
What Causes GERD??
24. The presence of a hiatal hernia creates optimal conditions
for GERD however it is possible to have a hiatal hernia and no
symptoms of GERD.
Other factors that facilitate the occurrence of GERD include
obesity, pregnancy and smoking.
Food types such as chocolate, citrus fruits, fatty fried foods etc.
potentiate reflux symptoms.
What Causes GERD??
25.
26. Most people treat reflux with OTC medications without
realizing the severity of their condition
It is recommended to seek help if one has been using OTC antacids
or other reflux medications for more than 2 weeks
Treatment
27. Lifestyle Changes
Smoking secession
Small frequent meals
Loose fitting clothes
Avoid laying down for up to 3 hours after a meal
Avoid food and beverages that exacerbate symptoms
Weight loss
Treatment
28. Medications
Antacids (Neutralize the acid in stomach)
Foaming agents (Cover the stomach contents with foam to prevent
reflux)
H2 blockers ( Decrease acid production)
Proton pump inhibitors ( Decrease acid production)
Prokinetics ( strengthen the LES and make the stomach empty
faster)
Treatment
29. Surgery
Fundoplication
Vagotomy
Tests for unresolved symptoms
Barium Swallow Radiograph
Upper endoscopy
pH monitoring
Treatment
30. Esophagitis
Esophageal Strictures
Barretts Esophagus, occurs in 10% of GERD patients and 40 times
more likely to develop into esophageal cancer
Esophageal cancer
Target System
31. Barretts Esophagus
32. Reflux Esophagitis
33. Esophageal Stricture
34. Unrelieved GERD can lead to asthma exacerbation, chronic
cough and pulmonary fibrosis
If complications progress to esophageal cancer there is a high
possibility of metastasis.
Alterations in nutritional intake.
Whole Body
35. IBS is characterized by
Constipation
Diarrhea
Gas
All the above
Questions
36. IBS is associated with
Diverticulum in the colon
Ulcerations in the colon
Colorectal cancer
Non structural complications
Questions
37. Rome III is primarily used to?
Classify stages of IBS
Diagnose GERD
Diagnose IBS
None of the above
Questions
38. Resection of the vagus nerve by vagotomy reduces symptoms
GERD by
Increasing acid production
Promoting gastric emptying
Reducing acid production
Reducing gastric emptying
Questions
39. Which complication of GERD most often leads to
cancer?
Barrett's esophagus
Esophageal strictures
Esophageal varices
esophagitis
Questions
40. McCance k., Huether S., Brashers V., Rote N., (2010).
Pathophysiology- The Biological Basis for Disease in Adults and
Children (745-765). Missouri:MosbyElsevier.
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse.Gastro
Esophageal Disease.Retrieved March 20, 2011:
http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gerd/
Reference