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HIGICC Annual Meeting June 24, 2009 Erik Franklin Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology
Citation preview
Mapping human impacts to Papahānaumokuākea
Erik C. FranklinHIMB
with Collaborators:K. Selkoe, HIMBB. Halpern, UC Santa BarbaraC. Ebert , UC Santa Barbara, E. Selig, UNC Chapel HillK. Casey, NOAAJ. Bruno , UNC Chapel Hill, R. Toonen, HIMB
• 2,000 km long • 22-30 ºN
Talk Overview
• Background on the NWHI resources
• NWHI resource management structure
• Need for spatial data on uses
• Cumulative impact mapping approach
• Building the NWHI cumulative impact maps
Basic stats
• 30 submerged banks and seamounts• 9 areas of emergent land• Atolls range 7-28 million years old• Contains the most northerly reef in the world
• High apex predator biomass– (sharks, jacks)
• Endemism ~ 20% across taxa
• Largest tropical seabird rookery in the world, including 20 species
• Majority habitat for Hawaiian monk seal and green sea turtles
• Many undescribed species
• Hundreds of archeological sites
Unique and Valuable Resources
History of human use
1800’s through early 1900’s:• Guano mining at Laysan Island• Pearl oyster harvest• Whale, monk seal, turtle, seabird harvest1940’s:• Naval bases at Midway and FFS with dredging and infill• 6000 soldiers at Midway in WWII; reefs bombed, toxic dumps,
invasive spp.• Coast Guard stations at Kure and FFS1970’s -2000:• Lobster fishery (collapsed and closed in 2000)• Longlining fishery (closed in 2000)• Bottomfish fishery (continues until 2011)• Recreational fishery at Midway
Current Day Impacts
• Shipping lanes risk groundings, spills and wildlife disturbance
• Marine debris collects on reefs and atolls, drown fish turtles and seals
• Climate change beginning to result in – Sea level rise drowning reefs and beaches– Coral bleaching from sea temp rise– Increased rates of disease– Seawater acidification
• Research cruises bring divers & risks of accidental harm
• Alien species have established in places
• Special visitation events at midway
• Habitation on atolls for Fish and Wildlife
monitoring tasks
Orange = State WatersGreen = Fish and WildlifeBlue line = MonumentYellow lines = EEZ
Who’s Managing Impacts
The four management Co-Trustees:– State of Hawaii– U.S. Dept Interior (Fish and Wildlife)– Dept. Commerce (NOAA) – Monument and NMFS– Native Hawaiian Affairs
A call for action:Ecosystem based managementEcosystem based management
“Prioritize and coordinate management of multiple
activities within a specified ecosystem”
2004
Need better info on:
•spatial patterns of activities
• their overlap
•their ecological impact
Mapping Cumulative Human Impacts
Mapping Cumulative Human Impacts
1. Create a GIS database of maps of:
1. all human “stressors:” ocean based activities and indirect stresses on the oceans
2. all marine ecosystems
2. Standardize all maps and overlay in single projection
3. Translate activities into ecological impacts: the intensity of the activity is modified by an “ecosystem vulnerability weight” for that activity
4. In each map pixel, sum the modified intensities of all activities present to produce a single cumulative impact score
•Sea temperature riseSea temperature rise
•UV radiation rise
•Ocean acidification
•Ocean-based pollutionOcean-based pollution
•Commercial shippingCommercial shipping
•Land-based pollution: Land-based pollution: –nutrient input nutrient input –nonpoint inorganic nonpoint inorganic –nonpoint organicnonpoint organic
•Benthic structures (oil rigs)
•Species invasionSpecies invasion
•Direct human (trampling)
•Fishing: -destructive demersal-demersal low bycatch-demersal high bycatch-low bycatch pelagic-high bycatch pelagic-artisanalartisanal
Global map: 17 Different Stressors
Global Cumulative Impact Scores
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Mill
ions
of
km2
41% of the ocean
is orange or red
less than 4% is blue
How does Hawaii look?
Zoom in on Hawaii
•The Main Eight look accurate
•The Northwest look strange:
atolls better than deep water?
1. Use local, fine res. habitat data
2. Get local vulnerability weights
3. Add local human stressor data
NWHI Redo:
1. Mapping Habitat
Ten ‘ecozones’ mapped fromNOAA benthic cover satellite data
at 100m resolution
2. Vulnerability Weights
• Spatial scale of stressor impact• Frequency of stressor impact• Number of trophic levels affected• Resistance of ecosystem to change• Recovery time of ecosystem
Combined into a Vulnerability
Weight
Five aspects quantified at order of magnitude scales for every stressor in every ecosystem:
25 scientific experts with personal experience working in the NWHI estimated the values (Selkoe et al. 2008)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Bottom fishing
Research manipulations
Diver impacts
Vessel strikes
Trampling damage
Sport fishing
Research wildlife sacrifice
Lobster trap fishery
Anchor damage
Pelagic long-lining and net fishing
Ship waste input
Land-based runoff
Coastal engineering
Ship groundings
Sea water acidification
Ghost fishing
Increasing UV radiation
Alien species establishment
Marine debris
Sea temperature rise
Sea level rise
Vulnerability Score
Survey results:
Selkoe et al. 2008
Human Stressors to NWHI
Global origin
Pacific-wide origin
Local (NWHI) origin
Vulnerability Weights
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Bottom fishing
Research manipulations
Diver impacts
Vessel strikes
Trampling damage
Sport fishing
Research wildlife sacrifice
Lobster trap fishery
Anchor damage
Pelagic long-lining and net fishing
Ship waste input
Land-based runoff
Coastal engineering
Ship groundings
Sea water acidification
Ghost fishing
Increasing UV radiation
Alien species establishment
Marine debris
Sea temperature rise
Sea level rise
Vulnerability Score
ThreatRankings:
13 datasets included in NWHI
map
Human Stressors to NWHI
Vulnerability Weights
Ship Traffic
Tracks based on reported vessel locations in the NWHI from 1994
Data from Voluntary Observing System courtesy of NOAA
Acidification
UV
Temperature: Disease
Temperature: Bleaching
Climate Change Data
Bottomfishing
Pounds all fish taken summed over 1996-2002 at 0.25 degree resolution, excluding <2 boats per cell.
Dataset courtesy of Reggie Kokubun of the DAR
Final Map of Cumulative Impact
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Research wildlife sacrifice
Research installations
Research diver impacts
Marine debris
Alien species
Lobster fishing
SST: coral bleaching
Ship strike risk
Bottom fishing
Ship-based pollution
Sea level rise
Increased UV radiation
Seawater acidification
SST: disease
summed impact
original vulnerability score
New Rankings
Atoll Close-ups
Midway Maro
Pearl & Hermes French Frigate
Shoals
10 Km 10 Km
10 Km 10 Km
P&H:
Highest
mean
scores for
both SST
metrics
Midway:
Lowest
mean
impact
score of
atolls
Maro:
Highest
mean
impact
score of
atolls
FFS:
highest
mean
scores for
UV, acid,
sea level,
shipping
Missing Threats
Existing:• Ship groundings• Trampling damage• Cruise ships• Tidal data • Pelagic long-line fishery ?• Chemical contamination ?
Non-existing:• Ghostfishing and better marine debris• Sport fishing• Historical impacts
Results are conservative!
Key uses for results
• Target areas for monitoring warming-induced bleaching and disease
• Demonstrate the low relative impact of research
• Evaluate new uses with cumulative impact perspective
• Catalogue and display use data
• Integrate with other management considerations
Mahalo!
Funding from the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Coral Reef Ecosystem Research Partnership
&
National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis,UC Santa Barbara
Photos courtesy NOAA & James Watts