Human Impacts GIS Lecture Compressed

8/8/2019 Human Impacts GIS Lecture Compressed

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GIS applications for measuring

and simulating human impacts onthe environment.

Isaac Ullahwww.public.asu.edu/~iullah


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Summary

1. What is a GIS?

1. Data types

2. Projections

2. Monitoring modern human impacts with GIS.

1. Remotely Sensed Data

2. Applications

3. Simulating ancient human impacts with GIS.1. Landuse/Landcover modeling

2. Erosion/Deposition modeling

4. Questions?


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What is a GIS?

GIS stands for Geographic InformationSystems

A GIS is a software platform for storing,

organizing, viewing, querying, and transformingspatial data.

Two most prevalent software platforms are theexpensive commercially licensed ESRI

ArcGISTM

and the free and open-sourceGRASS GIS platform. (Guess which one I use?)

Data in a GIS is stored in either Vector or inRaster formats.


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Vector Data

Discreet geometrical objects which are either points,lines, or polygons

Vertices are placed by X and Y location for all vectortypes.

For line and polygons, the vertices are joined by linesaccording to geometrical functions Attributes are associated with each discreet vector

shape Attributes are stored in a database; and therefore, each

object can have multiple dimensions of data associatedwith it Easy database editing with your favorite spreadsheet

software (most are in .dbf format) Data can be displayed thematically for easy visual

analysis


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Vector Lines

Data associated with eachindividual vector line


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Vector Points

Multiple dimensions ofdata associated witheach vector point


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Thematic Vector Points Overlain onRaster Density Surface

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Legend

Density Index

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Wall Height in Courses

0 - 1

1.1 - 2

2.1 - 3

3.1 - 4

4.1 - 5

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0 9 18 27 364.5

Meters

$

Map of Sherd Density IndexOverlayed on Wall Height Contour


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Raster Data Continuous data (a matrix of values) Each layer has a maximum of 3.5 dimensions of data (X,

Y, Z, Label) Multiple layers can be stacked to represent many

dimensions of data

Display of data can be adjusted by ranges for heuristicanalysis

Raster surfaces can be interpolated from discreet data(ie. vector points)

Complex statistics and matrix math can be calculated ateach pixelorbetweenpixels of single or multiple layers.

Can be viewed in simulated 3-D This allows for complex data transformation and

simulation of phenomena that cannot be practicallymeasured/observed in real life


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Graphic Display of Raster Matrix


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Input: Discreet Data

Artifact Point Densities

Output: Continuous Data

Density Probability Surface


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Various 3-D displays of a Raster DEM

Original Raster File


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Which is Better? It depends on your needs

Vectors are better for associating many data types withone spatial object (ie. site point) in one file

Vectors can only be used to represent discreet

phenomena Easy to display for interesting thematic maps

Raster's are better at representing massive amounts ofspatially differing data

They are also better for doing mathematical operationson that data

They can represent both continuous or discreet data, butonly in one dimension per layer

Can display in 3-D!

You can use raster data in complex simulation modeling


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Soils Data as Vector

Soils Data as Raster


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RasterElevation Data

(Digital

ElevationModel, or DEM)

Vector ElevationData (Contour

Map)


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A Quick Note on Projections

All maps are flat representations of a roundworld, and GIS data is no different

Projections are different ways to mathematically

unbend curvilinear distances into flat distances Any projection needs to reference a datum point

from which all mapped measurements can betied back to the Earth

There are many types of map projectionsystems, but only two you are likely to deal withon a regular basis: Lat/Lon and UTM


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Two Major Projection Types

Latitude/Longitude (Lat/Lon) projection Works worldwide However, all distances in this type of projection

are measured as fractions of the Earthsdiameter (degrees, minutes, and seconds ordecimal degrees)

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection Broken up into a series of zones across the

world Its units are meters, but you must stay within

only the correct zone, or your data will becomedistorted


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Lat/Lon Projection


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UTM Projection


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UTM Zones


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Monitoring Modern Human Impacts

Essentially all from remotely-sensed data Earliest data sources are aerial photographs beginning

in the early the 20th century. They are Panchromatic(black and white) images, sometimes in stereo 3-D

Oldest wide-coverage data come from 1960 spysatellites, especially the CORONA missions (highresolution, stereo, panchromatic)

Starting the late 1970s, LandSat data are available forthe whole world (multiband, medium resolution)

From the 1990s onward we also have: Space Born Radar: TerraASTER, SRTM High-altitude imagery and laser topography: QuickBird, Lidar Full coverage Satellite-born sensors: AVHRR, MODIS, IKONOS

Many of these data are archived and made accessiblethrough the web by the Global Landcover Facility


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Monitoring Modern Human Impacts

Typical applications:

Hazard identification

Landcover and Landscape mapping

Tracking changes through time (time series)

GIS operations:

Rectification and Georeferencing

Band manipulation of multiband imagery

Classification

Feature identifcation

Mapping and Digitization

Quantification


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Human-induced Landscape Changes

High resolution imagery


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Vegetation Monitoring and Comparison


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Evidence for Climate Change


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Urban HeatIsland

Monitoring


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Northern Jordan Landsat

Red, Green, and Blue Spectra

Band Manipulation


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Near Infrared, Red, and Green Spectra

Band Manipulation


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Far Infrared, Near Infrared, and Red Spectra

Band Manipulation


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Unsupervised (automatic) landcover classification

Classification


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Supervised (with user input) landcover classification

Classification


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Feature Identification (farm fields) and Mapping


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Modeling Ancient Human Impacts

What affect, if any did ancient human landusehave on the environment? Little direct archaeological evidence of human

impacts on the environment

Even less direct evidence of the processes thatcreated them

We must simulate ancient landuse throughspatially explicit process-based models Human processes (farming, herding, deforestation) Natural processes (climate, vegetation, geological)

Compare the results with proxy data (pollenrecords, archaeological evidence, sedimentaryrecord)


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Mediterranean LandscapeDynamics Project

The Medland project aims tounderstand the long-termeffects of ancient landusepractices on the environment.

GIS-based surface processsimulation coupled with semi-dynamic stochastic landusemodels (eventually withAgent-Based landuse model)

Track the effects of landuseon landcover andsubsequently on the spatialextent and severity of erosionand deposition through time


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:.

Vegetation

modeling:multi-yr. steps

Potentiallandscape

model

:.

Terrainmodeling:

multi-yr. steps

Climatemodel

Paleo-terrains

(DEMs)

.

Referencelandscape

chronoseq.

Archeologicaldata

Geologicaldata

Paleobotanicaldata

.Veg. edaphicparameters

Paleo-vegetation

Prehistoricsettlement& landuse

ModernDEM

Agropastoralsocioecology

model

Settlement& landusemodeling

Agent

Modeling

Agent

Modeling

:.

Terrainmodeling:

multi-yr. steps

:.

Vegetationmodeling:

multi-yr. steps

Climatemodel

InitialstateInitialstate

Initialstate

&validation

atvariousstages

Initialstate

&validation

atvariousstages

1. Potential landscape model(natural processes onlyno human impacts!))

2. Reference landscape timeseries (Built from availableproxy data: Geology,

paleoecology,paleogeography,archaeology)

3. Agropastoral socioecologymodel (Semi-Stochasticand Agent-based humanlanduse models coupledwith natural processmodels)


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Topography

Terra ASTER DEM

Re-interpolated to15m resolution

Ultra-high resolutiontopography from

aerial photographstereo pairs (nearfuture)

Study areas definedas watershedsusing hydrologic

modeling


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Annual Precipitation 8000-2000 BCWadi Ziqlab Area Weather Stations

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

-4000-5000-6000-7000-8000-9000-10000

years BP

Baqura

Shuneh-North

Beit Qad "Jenin"

Irbid Nursery

Ramtha

Wadi Yabis

Ras Muneef

Mafraq

Deir AllaWadi Faria

Tulkarm

AnnualPrecipitation

at 7000 BP

Weather station dataretrodicted for 14ky at 200 yrintervals to producesequences for annual and

monthly precipitation,temperature (mean, days>40,days


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Landcover Modeling

Potential naturalvegetation model basedon climate and

topography Patch modelsincorporatingsuccessional dynamics

Feeds directly intoerosion model


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Impact Areas: Initial ConditionsCatchment modeling


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Different landuse models


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Erosion/Deposition Modeling


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Model the effect of the resultinglandcover on erosion

Control Model (no landuse)

40 years offallow

agriculture withgrazing


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3-D results with human landuse

Control

model (no

humanlanduse)

Reality Check. There IS a deepcanyon in this location!!!


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Thank You!

Documents

Human Impacts GIS Lecture Compressed