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Living with livestock How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett Food Climate Research Network University of Surrey 9 December 2009

Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

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This presentation forms part of the Farming Futures workshop 'Making livestock farming fit for the future' 9th December 2009

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Page 1: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Living with livestockHow can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable 

farming and food system?

Tara Garnett 

Food Climate Research Network ‐ University of Surrey

9 December 2009

Page 2: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

This presentation• Livestock and GHGs: what contribution?

• Two key issues for livestock and their impacts:– Land 

– Demand 

• Livestock in the global context – Why is this relevant?

• How do these factors affect whether livestock are a burden, or a blessing?

• Livestock: some possible futures

Page 3: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Why livestock?Some things we know about meat and dairy

• Most GHG intensive food category (on the whole) ‐ as measured using a range of functional units.

• Most  of its impacts occur at the farm stage 

• UK meat and dairy consumption (incl imports excl exports) accounts for 8% UK emissions (incl imports excl exports)

• EBLEX report finds UK beef and sheep production direct emissions = 2.7% UK emissions.  

Page 4: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Is 2.7% a lot?• Compare car travel by purpose as % UK GHG emissions(ie. the problem of disaggregating problems to nothing...)

Page 5: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

And the growing problem of land use change

• Research commissioned by FCRN & WWF‐UK finds that land use change (LUC) adds another 50% on top of UK emissions.

• In total LUC accounts for 40% of (now higher) food GHG footprint

• More than ¾ is attributable to livestock.• Source: An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the UK food system 

and the scope for reduction by 2050: How low can we go? Produced by Cranfield University, Ecometrica and Murphy‐Bokern Associates. FORTHCOMING

• NB: report also confirms that both tech and dietary change are needed

Page 6: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

What does LCA tell us about different types of livestock?

• On the face of it – white meat is ‘better’ than red meat.  Why?

• Feed conversion efficiency: Pigs and poultry convert feed into edible meat/eggs more efficiency (energy not lost as methane)

• Methane: No methane (except pig manure)

• Land: less land is needed to produce a given volume of white meat than red

• BUT ...

Page 7: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

... this is too simplistic

• We need also to consider:

• Not just how much but what kind of land is being used to feed and rear the animals

• What we do about demand and how demand trajectories influence the conclusions

Page 8: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Land use and pigs & poultry • Intensive pigs and poultry systems  use less land overall than ruminants BUT

• The land they do use is prime arable land – for cereal and soy production

• This land is also needed for to grow grains for human consumption 

• In a resource constrained world – is using prime agricultural land to grow grains to feed to pigs the most sensible thing to do?

• Demand for agricultural land is growing and will lead to LUC = CO2 release

Page 9: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Land use & intensive ruminant production

Intensive systems: 

• Depend on grains and oilseeds – land / grains could be used to feed humans – same issues as for pigs and poultry 

• Use more land per unit edible output than pigs and poultry

• Feed conversion lower than pigs & poultry

• A triple whammy  (although methane is lower than extensive ruminant systems)

Page 10: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Land use & extensive systems: Properlymanaged 

• Make use of land unsuited to crop production (resource efficiency)

• Can help store carbon in soil

• Sustain ecosystem services (water, biodiversity, soil, aesthetic value) 

• Consume byproducts from other food & agricultural sectors (resource efficiency)

• Give us something for nothing – meat , wool, leather – all from agricultural waste and poor quality land

• Higher methane per kg needs to be seen in this context

Page 11: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

But ‐ land use & extensive systems: poorlymanaged 

• Cause soil degradation and carbon losses

• Cause deforestation (eg. Amazon) & CO2 release

• Reduce biodiversity and water storage capacities

• Yield little meat for much climate change and other damage

Page 12: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Demand trajectories are key

Global trends in demand are unsustainable

Page 13: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Meat & dairy set to nearly double

Production in developing world already higher – most of growth in demand set to come from developing world

Page 14: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

BUT inequality continuesper cap meat to 2050

Source: FAO 2006

Page 15: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Ditto for milk ‐ per cap. to 2050

Page 16: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Is it really all China’s fault?

Meat  kg / per capita / yr Milk  kg / per capita / yr

UK 83 242

China 54 16

India 5 67

Kenya 15 98

Page 17: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

The ‘Which livestock and in what system? question depends on what you 

do about demand

• If demand is seen as inevitable & unconstrainable then:– Pigs and poultry are the least bad option

– Extensive ruminants are the worst option

• But in a world where limits are placed on demand then we can ask: “How do livestock best make use of the land we have available while contributing to multiple ecosystem benefits?”– Extensive ruminants may be the best option

– Industrial pig & poultry have nothing to offer

Page 18: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Which future?What if things were different?

• How do the GHG impacts of different livestock systems and consumption practices look when we adopt differing definitions of:– An acceptable diet: nutritional needs vs demand

– Role and value of different land uses and aesthetics?

– Animal welfare

– Biodiversity

– Freedom (to buy)?

Page 19: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

4 scenarios – different variables 

• Demand versus needs– Emissions per kg product wanted vs emissions per nutritional need fulfilled

• Land efficiency versus land reconnection– Land use /emissions per kg product vs matching agriculture to land availabilty

by type and appropriateness of use

• Absolute versus relative ethics:– Meat and dairy foods:  Physical supply versus equitable distribution

– Animal welfare: Intrinsic value versus extrinsic utility

– Biodiversity: Agroecology vs biodiversity havens ‐ and differences in how we assign value to diversity

– Freedom:  To choose versus freedom from hunger

• For each scenario: What are the implications for GHG emissions and how would you need to define and deal with the above?

Page 20: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)
Page 21: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)
Page 22: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)
Page 23: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)
Page 24: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)
Page 25: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)
Page 26: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

How do you reduce demand?

I don’t know ‐ but...

Page 27: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

We need to work it out

• We cannot achieve a global 50% cut in agricultural GHGs (with a pop of 9bn) unless we tackle demand

• The developed world must lead the way (this is central to the Copenhagen negotiations)

• If the developed world is to achieve an 80‐90% cut in GHG emissions there are lots of things we need to do that sound uncomfortable

• We need approaches that combine fiscal measures; regulation; voluntary agreements; availability of alternatives; awareness raising & information

• Production & consumption measures must go together

• Farmers mustn’t lose out

Page 28: Living with livestock; How can livestock help us create a resilient, sustainable farming and food system? Tara Garnett (FCRN)

Thank you

Tara Garnett 

Food Climate Research Network

[email protected]