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10/27/09 Lecture 3: Genes and Proteins 1
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Online bioscience course for grades 6-12
Fall 2009
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Class mechanics…
• Attend the online Office Hour on Tuesdays at 3 PM via tokbox-Discuss previous week’s video lecture• Online video lecture e-mailed every Wednesday-view lecture and prepare to discuss the following Tuesday• Comment on video lecture using website discussion board• Online Final Exam given 12/9/2009
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Lecture 3: Genes and proteins
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Take Homes:
I. What is a gene?II. Many genes code for proteinsIII. Genes are regulated IV. The proteins encoded by genes shape the cell and do its workV. How proteins work
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What is a gene?:
• A gene is a discrete unit of heritable information• Genes are typically, but not always, encoded by DNA• Genes typically, but not always code for proteins• A protein gene is an “Open Reading Frame” (ORF) of codons (but only for prokayotes…sorta…)
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Take Home I
Genes are DNA sequences that encode a heritable trait…
What is a gene?
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code
How the genetic code works I:
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How the genetic code works II:
Transcribed strand
mRNA
Peptide (“protein”)
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How the genetic code works III
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Reading frames
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Using a computer program to definea gene from a sequence:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gorf/gorf.html
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Step-by-step video showing how to use the ORF Finder with our DNA sequence to find out if it encodes a protein…
http://www.screencast.com/t/gzxXnMwLWNI
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>EXPERIMENTAL DNA SEQUENCE I
ATGGCTAGCAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGA
GTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGATGGTGAT
GTTAATGGGCACAAATTTTCTGTCAGTGGAGAG
GGTGAAGGTGATGCTACATACGGAAAGCTTACC
CTTAAATTTATTTGCACTACTGGAAAACTACCT
GTTCCATGGCCAACACTTGTCACTACTTTCTCT
TATGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCCCGTTATCCGGAT
CATATGAAACGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCC
ATGCCCGAAGGTTATGTACAGGAACGCACTATA
TCTTTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGACGCGT
GCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTTGTT
AATCGTATCGAGTTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAA
GAAGATGGAAACATTCTCGGACACAAACTCGAG
TACAACTATAACTCACACAATGTATACATCACG
GCAGACAAACAAAAGAATGGAATCAAAGCTAAC
TTCAAAATTCGCCACAACATTGAAGATGGATCC
GTTCAACTAGCAGACCATTATCAACAAAATACT
CCAATTGGCGATGGCCCTGTCCTTTTACCAGAC
AACCATTACCTGTCGACACAATCTGCCCTTTCG
AAAGATCCCAACGAAAAGCGTGACCACATGGTC
CTTCTTGAGTTTGTAACTGCTGCTGGGATTACA
CATGGCATGGATGAGCTCTACAAAT
Test DNA Sequence:
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So, our sequence contains the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Gene sequence…
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein
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Cells “engineered” to express GFP:
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Take Home II
Many genes encode for the amino acid sequence of proteins…
Many genes code for proteins
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The lac Operon-an example of how bacterial genes are turned “on” and “off”…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBwtxdI1zvk
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Take Home III
Genes are tuned “on” and “off” by complex interactions of factors and DNA sequences…
Genes are regulated
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Protein Functions in the Body
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T500B5yTy58
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Take Home IV
Proteins do most of the “work” in cells and most of the cell structure is made-up of proteins…
The proteins encoded by genes shape the cell and do its work…
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Protein Functions in the Body: An example-ATP Synthase
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y1dO4nNaKY
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Looking at GFP at the molecular level…
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Download and install CN3D:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml
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A look at GFP structure with CN3D…
http://www.screencast.com/t/oCq2i3YcX
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Take Home V
Proteins function according to their 3 Dimensional structures…
How proteins work…
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Virtual experiment: making bacteria that glow green by giving them aGFP gene…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jyfi5e2JoYc&
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zJ-Xe9rZh8
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Next Week:
The bacterial world
How bacteria are structured and how they function…
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instructorMark E Minie PhD
