RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology practicum with title “Microscopic

Observation“, that arranged by:

Name : Nur Pratiwi

ID : 1114040196

Group : III (three)

Class : ICP Biology B

After checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this

report was accepted.

Makassar, November 2011

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Djumarirmanto, S.Pd Engka Rukmana

ID. 091404173

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Living things are differential with two groups that are plant and animal.

Special Biology learnt about animal namely Zoology and knowledge which

learnt about plant namely Botany. Because of development knowledge so

weather Zoology and Botany are divided into some knowledge again which stand

alone, for example branch of biology which learnt about human was namely

Anthropology.

If we talk about animals, so we will imagine in our main that they can

move and will search their food alone. But, if we talk about plants, we will

imagine that they just stay at their place, green, have flowers, and have fruits. In

this situation, we can easy to see the different between animals and plants. But it

is not easy like what we want because that will to be valid only for the higher

level animal and higher level plant. So, the lower levels of living things were still

difficult to see the different and decide it to the true group.

When we looking the tissue for the microscopic step, the capability to

knowing the existence and the location of four the basic of tissue that make

possible and enable to identification the organ that we found. The basic

knowledge about the basic characteristic and cell composition from the tissues is

important in the histology, that science or knowledge that study the tissues of the

microscopic step.

This experiment with the title is “microscopic observation”. In the

microscopic observation the university student will observation some of the

microscopic thing from the plant tissue and animal tissue. From this experiment

the university student will know about the structure of tissue that built the plant

body and the animal body.

B. Purpose

The purpose of this practicum, to make the students can explain and know

about structure and a kind of tissue that built up the organ of the plant and

animal.

C. Benefit

Based on this practicum the benefit of this practicum is :

1. The students will know and understand the kind of the tissue that built the

plant and the animal.

2. The students will know the function of the tissue that built the plant and the

animal.

CHAPTER II

PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Tissue is collection of some cells which has big relation each ones and has

structures and functions which were same. Knowledge which learnt about tissue’s

structures namely histology. Many tissues arranged and organized together namely

organ. Animal’s tissues are differentiation at 4 main kinds they are epithelium tissue,

connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue (Tim Pengajar, 2011).

Multicellular (large) organisms function more efficiently if cells become

specialized for specific functions. A tissue is composed of cells that function together

in a specialized activity. There are four types of tissues found in animals: epithelial,

connective, nerve, and muscle tissue. Sponges do not have tissues. Epithelial tissue

covers external surfaces and internal cavities and organs. Glands are also composed

of epithelial tissue. Epithelia forms boundaries. Most substances that move into or

out of the body must pass through epithelial tissue. One surface of the tissue is free

and the other adheres to a basement membrane. The photograph below shows kidney

tubules. The cells lining the tubules are epithelial tissue. One surface is attached (the

basal surface) and the other surface is free. The apical surface of epithelial cells may

have tiny projections called microvillus. These function to increase surface area. For

example, microvilli on intestinal cells increase the surface area available for

absorption. Epithelial cells may have cilia. Cilia can be seen on the cells lining the

trachea in the photograph below. They function to move mucus and trapped particles

upward toward the mouth where it will be swallowed, thus keeping the trachea clear

of foreign particles. (AnonymousA, 2011).

Plants are composed of three major organ groups: roots, stems and leaves. As

we know from other areas of biology, these organs are comprised of tissues working

together for a common goal (function). In turn, tissues are made of a number of cells

which are made of elements and atoms on the most fundamental level. In this

section, we will look at the various types of plant tissue and their place and purpose

within a plant. It is important to realize that there may be slight variations and

modifications to the basic tissue types in special plants. Plant tissues are

characterized and classified according to their structure and function. The organs that

they form will be organized into patterns within a plant which will aid in further

classifying the plant. A good example of this is the three basic tissue patterns found

in roots and stems which serve to delineate between woody dicot, herbaceous dicot

and monocot plants. We will look at these classifications later on in the tutorial

(AnonymousB, 2011).

According to Philip (2007), there are four categories of tissue from the

animals :

1. Epithelium tissue

2. String tissue

3. Nerve tissue

4. Muscle tissue

Epithelium tissue was formed from the cells that was flatted or cube. This

tissue covering some of tube or canal. this tissue was forming the skin that wrapping

the body Epithelium tissue has function to carry the substance from and into the

tissue and cavity which it was separated. Epithelium tissue has some general

characteristic as follow : 1) Epithelium consist with the cells which is so close, that

form into a thin. 2) the tissue was avascular or without blood vessel, the nutrient

change was happen plough way through the string tissue which is near it with

diffusion. 3) the surface of epithelium is free or opened for outside part of body or

body space in outside. 4) cell fission was continue to change a death cell

(Philip, 2007).

There are 4 organization levels in human body. The first level was coming

from some cells which were the structural and functional unit in human body. Each

cell has special functions. For example, eritrosit or red blood cell, could be reached

until 25 billion for adult, has function to transport O2 to all part of body. Although

these cells are many in body, there are still many kind of cell which could be reached

until 75 billion. Perhaps human body for adult consist of 100 billion of cells included

more than 200 groups which have different function. Although cell is smallest

function unit, cell does not work disappear. To make more efficient, some cells make

group and communicate each other to do one composite function. This group was

called tissue. This is the second organization level in human body. There are 4 kinds

of tissue they are epithelium tissue, muscle, nervous, and bunch. Epithelium tissue

has function to shut all of body surface. In small intestines epithelium tissue has

function to absorb fiber of food, in gland to product enzyme, hormone, mucus, sweat

or saliva (Hutapea, 2006).

String tissue consist of the cell which is planted with some of extracellular

that secretion by that cell from protein fiber had planted in the compound of amorf

protein-polisacarida molecul. Nerve tissue consist of : 1) nerve cell which was called

neuron, and 2) glial cell. Central of nerve system has some of microglia - cellular cell

(macrofag) which is to response the damage (exp, from infection) by : 1) engulfing

cell debris, 2) secreting inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)

and interleukin-1 (IL-1) (AnonymousC, 2011).

CHAPTER III

PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Place and Date

Day / date : Tuesday/ November 8th

2011

Time : 10.50 am – 12.30 pm

Place : Biology Laboratory at the second floor, in west side

FMIPA State Unifersity of Makassar.

B. Tools and Materials

1. For plant tissue

a. Tools

1) Microscope

2) Rough cloth and soft cloth

3) Object glass

b. Material

1) Preparate root tissue, steam tissue, and leaf which is from monocotyl

class and dycotyle class.

2. For animal tissue

a. Tools

1) Microscope

2) Rough cloth and soft cloth

3) Object glass

c. Material

1) Preparate of human skin

C. Work Procedure

1. For plant tissue

a. Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure.

b. Preparate was taken which is the preparate represent with monocotyl and

dycotyle.

c. Observed the characteristic of the structure and location from each tissue

which is built the root, steam and leaf.

d. The magnificent of objective lens is 4 x to see the totally of preparate, and

then change the magnificent to observe the part of tissue clearly.

e. Drew the part of tissue.

f. Compared the observation result with picture.

g. Studied the function from each of the tissue that built the plant organ.

2. For animal tissue

a. Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure.

b. Took the lasting preparate of animal tissue.

c. Observed the characteristic of the structure of each animal tissue

d. Used of objective magnificent 4 x to see the totally of preparate to

observe the part of animal tissue clearly.

e. Drew the part of tissue.

f. Compared the observation result with picture.

g. Studied the function from each of the tissue that built the animals organ.

.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result of Practicum

1. Hyaline

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Hyaline cartilage

2. Isogenous group

3. Territorial matrix

4. Interterritorial matrix

5. Chondrocyte

2. Cardiac muscle

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Nucleus

2. Sinsitium

3. Arteri

3. Leaf of lilium sp

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Epidermis

2. Palisade mesophyll

3. Stomata

4. Vascular bundle

5. Spongy mesophyl

4. Monocotyl stem

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Xylem

2. Floem

3. Epidermis

4. Cortex

5. Endodermis

5. Dicotyl stem

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Epidermis

2. Cortex

3. Phloem

4. Cambium

5. Xylem

6. Pith

6. Dicotyl rooth

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Root hair

2. Epidermis

3. Endodermis

4. Xylem

5. Pericycle

6. Pholem

7. Xylem

7. Pine leaf

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Epidermis

2. Hypodermis

3. Mesophill

4. Transfusion tissue

5. Vasculas bundles

6. Endodermis

7. Resin canals

8. Smooth muscle

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1. Nucleus

2. Sarcolema

3. Myofibrin

9. Stralated muscle

Magnification:

Ocular 10 x

Objective 10 x

Total=100 x

Notes:

1.Nuclei

B. Discussion

1. Plant Tissue

Plants are composed of three major organ groups: roots, stems and

leaves. As we know from other areas of biology, these organs are comprised

of tissues working together for a common goal (function). In turn, tissues are

made of a number of cells which are made of elements and atoms on the most

fundamental level. In this section, we will look at the various types of plant

tissue and their place and purpose within a plant. It is important to realize that

there may be slight variations and modifications to the basic tissue types in

special plants. Plant tissues are characterized and classified according to their

structure and function. The organs that they form will be organized into

patterns within a plant which will aid in further classifying the plant. A good

example of this is the three basic tissue patterns found in roots and stems

which serve to delineate between woody dicot, herbaceous dicot and monocot

plants. We will look at these classifications later on in the tutorial. A mature

plant vascular, a tobacco plant contains several differentiated cell types.

These are grouped together in the tissues. Some tissues contain only are type

of cell. Some consist of several:

a. Meristematic

The main function of marestematc tissue is mitosis the cells are small,

thin walled, with no central vacuole and no specialize creatures.

Merestematic tissue is located in

1) The apical meristems

2) The secondary meristems

3) Ring of meristematic tissue called the cambium

The cells produced in the meritsems soon become differentlated into one

or another of several types.

b. Protective

Protective tissue covers the surface of leaves and living cells of roots

and stems its cells flattened whit their top and button surfaces parallel.

The upper and lower epidermis of the leaf are of protective tissue.

c. Parenchyma

The cues of parenchyma are large, thin walled and usually have in

langue central vacuole .They are usually stuffed with plastids areas not

exposed to . Colorless plastids predominate and food storage is the main

function. Parenchyma composed from life cells that has embrional

characteristic, it function as supporting tissue.

d. Scelerencyma

The walls of these cells are very thick and boil up in a uniform layer

around the entire margin of the cell. Often the protoplasts die after the cell

wall is fully formed sclerenchym cells are usually found associated with

other cells types and give them mechanical support.

e. Collenchymas

Collenchymas cells have walls that are specialist thick at their cornet.

These are thick - walled tubes that can extend vertically. These cells

pruned mechanic support for the plant. They are most after found in

anneals that are entwine rapidly and need to be strengthened the petiole

(stalk) of leaves is usually reinforced with collenchymas.

f. Xylem

Xylem are conduces water dissolved minerals from the rots to all the

other parts of the plant. In angiosperms most of the water travels in the

xylem vessels. Xylem vessel anneals from individual cylindrical cell

oriented and to end. Xylem is also contains tracheas. It has measurement

that bigger then phloem but it totally is very little. Its function is to

transport of water and salt mineral from the land to the part of plants that

needle.

g. Phloem

Phloem is involved the transport of organic solutes in the plant. The

main concluding cells (elements) are aligned to form tubes called seared

tube. It has the small measurement that has a function for transport the

product of photosynthesis from the leaf to and of part of plant that need.

2. Animal Tissue

The structure of animal tissue is directly to its function. Animal have

groups of cell in the tissue, which are combined together to perform as an

organ. Animals have tissue which groups of cells with a basic structure and

function. There are for major types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective

tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.

a. Epithelia tissue

Epithelial tissue is consists of sheet. Its function are as to absorb and

protect inside part of organ, one of organ that has function to absorb has

the surface of epithelia that very wide like heart, kidney, lungs, and

intestine. According to its form and its function, that is:

1) Epithelia gland tissue

a) Eksokrim gland

b) Endokrim gland

2) Based on its form and totally of cells layer

a) Simplex epithelia

b) Complex epithelia

b. Connective tissue

Connective tissue is separated from one another by a non-cellular

matrix. Bond is connective tissue that terminalisation with bond cells

called osteosit that formed by osteoblas. Between some osteosits

relationed by canaliculi.

Sediment of salt mineral compose and around the navel of bond so

want to form circle structure that called lamella. In lamella there is

lacuna, each bond is packed by presidium as fibroses connective tissue.

Havers is cells that composed to become system in the hard bone. In the

middle of havers system there is pipe that has blood system and limfa

system nerve and volkman. Volkman flow is the pipe that composed by

havers where its layer called lamella.

c. Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue plays a role in the reception and delivery of excitatory

stimulus. The embryology, the tissue is derived from the layer ectoderm.

There is a tissue in the central nervous system brain and spinal marrow)

and the system of neurons containing the body cells, nucleus, and fibroses

roots. Cerebrum is the part of our brain that consist of four lobus that is

frontal, parietal, oksipital, and temporal. It function is for control our

attitude that have studied a ware of center, integency, remember,

impression interpretation.

d. Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue is made up long size, excitable that are capable of

considerable contraction. These are arranged in a parallel pattern within

the cytoplasm of the muscle cells. There are a large number of

microfilaments that are made of contractile proteins actins and myosin.

Muscle as an instrument that used for movement because are able to

contraction when it received stimulus. In the muscle cells there are

smooth fiber called as myofibril. Cells membrane is called as sarkolema.

Muscle tissues consist of three parts, that is:

1) Smooth muscle

Muscle has one nucleus in the center, it does not have some

line and its movement not based on our wish, it reaction is very slow,

and its location in the assimilation wall, respiration system, blood

system, and liver.

2) Skeletal muscle

This cell has some nucleus and its location in the ham, its

system based on our wish, its reaction very fast when received some

stimulus, its place is to stick on the skeleton.

3) Cardiac muscle

It has one nucleus, its system not based on our wish, its

reaction very slow to get stimulus, its place in the heart wall, cardiac

muscle has a function to help a heart to do contraction for pump

blood.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the practicum about microscopic observation, the practicum

draw the conclusion as the tissue of the each part of plant and animal has some

different structure and it has some different function. Like in the animal tissue it

has Epithelium tissue, String tissue, Nerve tissue and Muscle tissue. Each tissue

has some different structure and function

B. Suggestion

Based of the result of practicum and the conclusion, the suggestion as

follows:

1. Suggestion for Laboratory

I hope for next practicum about the microscopic observation. The quality

of the lasting preparate must be improve or take careless with the lasting

preparate that we use it for observation.

2. Suggestion for Assistant

The Assistant who was guide for this practice is good. So, I hope for the

next practicum the assistant can guide excellently.

3. Suggestion for Friend

I hope for my friend in the next practicum, we can work together again

more than in this practicum and working seriously to get a good result to get

a good result.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AnonymousA.2011.AnimalTissues. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.

gregory/default.htm. accessed on November 13st 2011 in Makassar.

AnonymousB.2011.Plant Tissues. http://www.biology-online.org/. Accessed on

November 13st 2011 in Makassar.

AnonymousC. 2011. Organ Hewan. http://www.about.com/organ-hewan/. Accessed

on November 13st 2011 in Makassar.

E. Pack, Phillip. 2007. Anatomi dan Fisiologi. Bandung: Pakar Raya.

M. Hutapea, Albert. 2006. Keajaiban-keajaiban dalam tubuh manusia. Jakarta: PT

Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Tim Pengajar Biologi. 2011. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: FMIPA

Makassar State University Laboratory.

ANSWER THE QUESTION

1. How the shape of smooth muscle cells, where it found, and how much the

central in each fiber?

Answer: spindle-shaped muscle cells not with stripes, the middle and edges taper

and floe up at located and the wall of the channel blood, lymph vessel.

2. What is the college of cells fiber with skeletal muscle, and how much the central

in each fiber.

Answer:college of muscle fiber cells is called fesikola/fiber contractile on

each fiber, there are many core, which is located at the edge.

3. What is the basic different between smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and hearth

and hearth muscle which is found of us?

Answer:The different between smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and hearth

muscle:

a. Smooth muscle

1. Formed spindle

2. Each cell has 3 cone fiber is located in the middle.

3. Working under unconsciousness.

b. Skeletal muscle

1. The shape of fiber stretching, and is located in the middle

2. Nucleus of cells located an the edge and none.

3. By or willingness to work.

c. Heart muscle

1. The form of striding and have branches.

2. Essentially only one and is located in the middle.

3. Not working according to awareness.

4. What are lamella, lacuna, kanalikuli, and what’s the function of harvest?

Answer:

a. Lamella is a thin layer where located the substance mineral and the place of

lacuna arranged eon centric beset channel harvest.

b. Lacuna is a small cavity between the lamella living in the cells osteosit.

c. Kanalikuli is a small channel that connects between the lacuna with one

another.

d. Harvest is the channel with function is the channel blood vessels and nerves.