Akiça BahriAkiça Bahri

GWP TECGWP TEC

Technical Committee and GWP Regions – Joint MeetingTechnical Committee and GWP Regions – Joint Meeting

17 August 2011, Stockholm 17 August 2011, Stockholm

ChallengesChallengesCities accommodate half the world’s population. Yet, water

security is not assured for billions of people.Pollution limits water supply for potable purposes and is the

vector for avoidable disease and death.The cost of traditional infrastructure is priced out of reach

for most of the world’s people.Climate change impacts cities with droughts, floods and sea

level rise. The uncertainty of these CC impacts changes the design reliability of the systems in place.

How cities can respond to a range of infrastructure needs?How cities can respond to a range of infrastructure needs?

What is GWP’s role?What is GWP’s role?

Conventional UWM: Conventional UWM: shortcomingsshortcomings

Accelerated urbanization Accelerated urbanization threatsthreats

Megacities: Much of urban growth is expected to come from unplanned

settlements or slums in and around megacities. Water security may be compromised from the impacts of

unplanned development and untreated wastewater.

Accelerated urbanization Accelerated urbanization threatsthreats

Coastal cities: Half of the world’s population live within 100 km of the sea

and 3/4s of all large cities are located on the coast.Urbanization in these areas often leads to pollution of

coastal waters, salinization of aquifers, and the destruction of ecosystems. These environmental impacts extend beyond the boundaries of the city itself.

Cities in transboundary basins: Two in every five people live in water basins that are shared

by more than one country. Sharing of common water bodies by cities poses a special

threat to freshwater quality and aquatic ecosystems. Border cities are also often affected by pollution problems in

the upper part of the basin. Small and mid-sized cities: The growing numbers of emerging small and mid-sized cities

will have significant impacts on water resources. An opportunity to embed IUWM practices into institutional

arrangements and urban planning from the outset.

Accelerated urbanization Accelerated urbanization threatsthreats

Sanitation

Solid waste

Water supply

Urban drainage

Water facilities

Integrated urban water management

Institutional: legislation

and management

Goals: quality of life and

environmental conservation

Urban planning:Soil use

Source: Tucci, 2009

Policy and institutional Policy and institutional arrangements for IUWMarrangements for IUWM

The role of:Central governmentMunicipal governmentUtilitiesStakeholders

How to relate ‘urban’ and ‘basin’ management

Space Administration level

Management Instrument Characteristics

Basin(usually > 1000 km2)

Nation or State Basin Committee and Agency

Basin Water Plan

Sustainable management of quantity and quality of the rivers in the basin

Municipality(usually < 50 km2)

Metropolitan Area

Municipality Integrated Water Plan

Sustainable development of urban water facilities inside the city, avoiding downstream impacts in the river system according to basin regulations

Integration of management at basin and city levels

Management approaches and toolsManagement approaches and tools

Wastewater reclamation and reuse Stormwater managementRainwater harvesting‘Green infrastructure’Payment for ecosystem services Efficient water use

Economic and financial Economic and financial instrumentsinstruments

Specific strategies to leverage resources from local authorities, consumers and the private sector.

Successful microfinance, output-based aid and loan-financed approaches particularly in the sanitation sector.

Green Water Credits - a type of Payment for Ecosystem Services - that bridges the incentive gap through taking regular compensation from water users to water providers for specified water management services.

The future: improved urban water governance

Public Institutional framework

LegislationSoil use, environment,

water resource

City Management

City plans

Integrated urban water plan

Urban development master plan

Other facilities plans such as transport

Basin Management

Institutional and municipal

land use framework

Parkinson et al., 2010

Understanding IUWRM through the prism of water security

Building RWPs/CWPs and using the Network to address core issue on the ground

Delivering on GWP Strategy through the Knowledge Chain

 

The methodology - Knowledge chain

City case studiesCity case studies

Water for gold – the development of water Water for gold – the development of water supply to Johannesburg and the Gauteng supply to Johannesburg and the Gauteng

ProvinceProvinceThe supply of water shows that water resources planning and

management has to be undertaken at the appropriate scale – and, for big cities, far beyond the urban boundaries.

Taking a multi user, multi-basin approach has allowed to achieve substantial social and economic development with limited and unreliable water resources.

Over the years, water quality management (salinity) has proved just as much of a challenge as water supply.

Since the platinum mining industry and surrounding towns need water, they are prepared to pay part of the costs of treatment and transfer, a win-win situation.

The advantage of the inter-linked system is that energy use and supply reliability can be optimised to the benefit of users – and the river environment.

1890s local springs

1902 Rand Water - Zuurbekom

1923 Vaal Barrage

1938 Vaal Dam

1982 Tugela-Vaal

1998 Lesotho Highlands Phase 1a

2004 Lesotho Highlands Phase 1b

Evolution of Gauteng’s water supply “footprint”

1970s Waste from Gauteng to Crocodile

2010 Waste to Lephalale & Limpopo

Next, the Zambezi?!

2020 Lesotho Highlands Phase 2

An inter-linked system where energy use and supply reliability can be optimized to the benefit of users – and the river environment

Vaal System – the big Vaal System – the big oneone

SCENARIO A

• High water requirement scenario, no further water loss reduction, no reduction in water use due to WC/WDM.

• Increasing irrigation water use continues until 2016.

• Implement both Phase 2 of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (Polihali Dam) and the Thukela Water Project (Jana Dam and Mielietuin Dam )

SCENARIO B

• Unlawful irrigation water use eradicated in 2011 and controlled thereafter

SCENARIO C

• 15% reduction in water use due to water conservation and demand management (WC/WDM)

• Unlawful irrigation water use eradicated in 2011 and controlled thereafter

• Phase 2 Lesotho Highlands Water Project (Polihali Dam) and Thukela Water Project (Jana Dam and Mielietuin Dam )

Water for gold – the development of water Water for gold – the development of water supply to Johannesburg and the Gauteng supply to Johannesburg and the Gauteng

ProvinceProvinceEffective water resource management in situations of water

stress will inevitably go far beyond city boundaries. Cities are important partners in this process. Their role is to

inform the wider system planning, to reduce water use as far as possible through conservation and efficient management and to manage their wastes effectively, as part of the overall system.

Managing water as part of a wider, multi-basin system, brings far greater efficiencies as well as economic and social opportunities than would be achieved by attempting to manage water within the city’s boundaries alone. Cities must work as part of the larger team.

SINGAPORESINGAPOREThe approach adopted is to integrate water beyond just

managing it in an integrated way. It is not just integration within the water loop but within the broader urban environment.

‘For us, water is a critical resource, so we had to look at it holistically and in an integrated way’ . ‘Water is woven into the urban fabric’ (Mr. Khoo).

Rainwater harvesting in urbanized catchments, reclaiming wastewater into NEWater for ind. use and IPR, and desal. and getting the community on board, recognizing water not just as a resource but as a very important environmental asset. Thus, transforming Singapore into a ‘city of gardens and water’.

Rain Sea

Direct Non-

Potable Use

Indirect Potable

Use

PUB Manages the Complete Water CycleFrom drainage of stormwater to sourcing, collection, purification and supply of drinking

water, treatment of used water and turning it into NEWater

NEWater

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

WaterFor All

InnovationTechnology

Water For All•100% Access to Safe Drinking Water•Commercial, industrial and recreational uses•Sustainable adequate quantity (eg water reuse)•Public acceptance

Conserve Value Enjoy• Efficient Water Use• Water Conservation• Water Recycling• Value of Water• Water Pollution

Control and Management

Conserve Value Enjoy

Environment Sustainablity•Reducing energy•Lowering chemical use•Minimizing sludge

Integrated Water Management for Cities of the Integrated Water Management for Cities of the FutureFuture

Local catchment Local catchment

Imported water Imported water

NEWaterNEWater

Desalinated Desalinated waterwater

4 National 4 National TapsTaps

3P 3P ApproachApproach

““Conserve Conserve Water”Water”

““Value Our Value Our Water”Water”

““Enjoy Our Enjoy Our Waters”Waters”

““Water for Water for All”All”

““Conserve, Value, Conserve, Value, Enjoy”Enjoy”

PUB’s Integrated Water Resource PUB’s Integrated Water Resource Management Management

The context: GWP Strategy 2009-2013GOAL 2: Address critical development

challenges Tackling urbanization:

50% of the world's population lives in urban areas and, with changing demographics characterized by massive migration into cities, by 2025 the percentage is projected to be 60%.

Urban water and wastewater management is a serious threat in most developing countries.

Most cities are unable to expand basic water services or manage growing competition among users.

Given the trends in urbanization, the need to improve water and waste management in cities is urgent.

But, this must take impacts over a wide area into consideration, both upstream and downstream, as well as across basin and aquifer boundaries.

As part of this effort, GWP will continue its work with UN-Habitat Water Operators Partnerships, where the focus will be on managing 'used water' as an essential element in overall water management.

Areas for potential Areas for potential engagementengagement

How to incorporate urban water management within the scope of the entire river basin?

The impact of urban development on the natural water cycle be changed through the development of an urban water cycle

How policy development and planning can be directed towards addressing global change pressures, and to achieving sustainable urban water systems?

How can neutral platforms enable stakeholders to contribute to achieving IUWM?