A brief history of the Internet

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Chalkia KalliopiMSc Computer Science11/1/2016

Topics of discussion

• History of the Internet• Basic network terminology• The growth of the Internet

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• The growth of the Internet• Internet services• Mobile Internet• The Future

What is the Internet?

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Precursors of the Internet

• Invention of electricity

• Telegraph system

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• Telephone

• Radio

• Television

Basic Network Terminology

• Computer Network

• Transmission medium

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• Communication Protocol

• Services

What is a Network

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Transmission medium

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Protocol

• IPX/SPX, X.25, ATM, Apple Talk, FDDI, TCP/IP

• NCP used by ARPANET

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol

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TCP is one of the Core Protocol of Internet (IP)

TCP provides reliable, ordered, error-checked,

communication on devices connected to a LAN, WAN

or the Internet

Network Services• Remote login• Ftp – File transfer• E-mail• Space sharing

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• Space sharing• Software sharing• Hardware sharing• voip• Video conference

Time for animation ….

1957 – Lets talk about politics …

USSR launches Sputnik

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US forms ARPA in DoD

Galactic Network• 1962 Licklider - The idea of a globally

interconnected set of computers

11https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxVbRz6udmI

Packet S. vs Circuit S. Networks

1962 Emersion of packet switching

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ARPANET• 1969 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects

Agency Network) – Network Control Protocol

Nodes of Net: Interface Message Processors (IMP)

14IMP1 at UCLA IMP2 at SRI

LOGIN

ARPANET in 1969They had already set up a telephone connection (UCLA<->SRI) and the dialogue between them was as follows;

UCLA: typed the L and asked on the phone

“Do you see the L?”

“Yes, we see the L”, came the response

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“Yes, we see the L”, came the response

Then UCLA typed the O and asked,

“Do you see the O?”

“Yes, we see the O”,

Then UCLA typed the G, and the system crashed.

Yet a revolution had began…

IMP - Router

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Honeywell 316

1970 – ALOHAnet

• ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abrahamson, Univ of Hawaii, connected to ARPANET in 1972

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1971 Electronic-mail• Ray Tomlinson creates email

(SNDMSG+CPYNET)

• People – to – people communication

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• E-mail became the most famous application for the next two decades

• @ symbol separates user name from host name (e.g. halkia@sch.gr)

ARPANET in 1971

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ARPANET• 1972

– Telnet specifications

• 1973

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• 1973– First international connection to

ARPANET (satellite connection)• University College of London (England)• Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)

– Full standardization of FTP

1974 - TCP/IP1974 - Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf creates TCP/IP

- Each network can connect to others with no internal changes

- In case of a packet lost, the source retransmits

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- In case of a packet lost, the source retransmits the data

- Black boxes connect the networks together (later called router/bridge/gateway)

- There is no centralized authority to manage the protocol

1974 - First packet data Service

• BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET)

• Various commercial and government entities paid monthly fees for dedicated lines connecting

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paid monthly fees for dedicated lines connecting their computers and local networks to this backbone network.

• Free public dialup access to Telenet, for those who wished to access these systems, was provided in many cities throughout the US

• 1979 USENET a worldwide distributed discussion system - Newsgroups

• 1982 ARPA establishes the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite for ARPANET (Internet)

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• 1983 ARPANET splits into ARPANET and MILNET

• 1984 Number of hosts breaks 1,000

• 1984 Domain Name System (DNS) introduced

Identification of devices on the Internet

• Each Ethernet Network Card has a unique 48 bit number called Media Access Control address

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• Each computer on Internet has a 32 bit number called IP (192.168.114.1)

• Intranet communication uses MAC address

• Internet communication uses IP address

Address classification

• Initially using IP the address space is 2^32 ~ 4.2 billion addresses (hosts)

• Now, IP address space is 2^128

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• Now, IP address space is 2^128

• IP has Public and Private addresses

• IP multicast addresses

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Domain Name System - DNS

• The idea is to use a simpler, more memorable name in the place of a host's IP address

• Domain Name System serves as a phone

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• Domain Name System serves as a phone book for the Internet by mapping human-friendly computer names into IP addresses

www.example.com��93.184.216.34

• The DNS is a hierarchical and a distributedsystem

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WWW

Host: www.example.org with IP: 93.184.216.34

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The expansion of the Internet• 1986 NSFNET - National Science Foundation

Network - created at 56Kbps• 1988 The Morris worm or Internet worm was one of

the first computer worm distributed via the Internet, affecting ~ 6,000 of its 60,000 hosts

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• 1989– Number of hosts breaks 100,000– Internet Service Providers begin appearing

• 1990– ARPANET ceases to exist– Linus Torvalds began a project that later became

the Linux

World Wide Web - WWW

• In 1991 Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web

• Instead of sending files from one place to another, he organizes information as a

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another, he organizes information as a number of nodes linked together as a web

• Anyone on the Internet could retrieve and browse information form node to node

• Berners-Lee created the Internet that we know today.

• 1991– NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net – PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), a program for symmetric

cryptography released by Philip Zimmerman – Security …

• 1992– Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000

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– Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000– First MBONE audio multicast– Video multicast

• 1993– New Worms over net named WWW Worms (W4)– Internet radio broadcasting– Mosaic browser released by NSCA

• 1994– URL from Tim Berners-Lee– Shopping malls arrive on the Internet– E-commerce

• 1995– Java released by Sun Microsystems

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– Java released by Sun Microsystems – streaming technologies for audio and video – WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service

with greatest traffic – NSFNET replaced by traditional online dial-up

systems (Compuserve, America Online) begins to provide Internet access

– Entertainment

• 1996– Internet2 project is initiated by 34 universities– Nokia releases first cell phone with internet access

• 1999– A wireless technology called 802.11b, Wi-Fi, is

standardized (54Mbps).

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– Salesforce.com delivers enterprise applications (cloud computing)

• 2001– Blackberry releases first internet cell phone in the United

States.– spread of P2P for file sharing across the Internet

2004 - From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0

• In Web 1.0 (1991-2004) the vast majority of users simply acting as consumers of content

• In Web 2.0 a user is invited to contribute to

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• In Web 2.0 a user is invited to contribute to the site's content by commenting on published articles or creating a user profile on the site, which may enable an increased participation

• Facebook launched

Social Networks

• dedicated websites that enable users to communicate with each other by posting information, comments, messages, images …

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…

• Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, Instagram, Myspace, …

2005 Youtube launches 2006

– Twitter service launched– Amazon launched its Elastic Compute cloud

(EC2)– There is an estimated 92 million websites online

2007

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2007– Internet2 passes to level3 Network– Google releases GoogleDocs providing free

web-based spreadsheets and word processing tools.

2008– Google index reaches 1 Trillion URLs

2010– In February, Facebook announces that it has

400 million active users– Apple introduces the iPad, another revolution

in portable “tablet” computing– There are 4.7 billion mobile phone

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– There are 4.7 billion mobile phone subscriptions (2 out of every 3 people on the planet)

2011– There are more than 800 million Facebook

users (more than 1 in 10 on the planet)

2012– Twitter surpasses 200M active users (Dec), and

500M tweets per day (Oct)

2013– The number of Internet hosts surpasses 1billion

2014

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2014– The number of Web servers surpasses 1billion

Abundant Information Resources

Inexhaustible Education

Not only advantages …• Piracy

• Security– Theft of Personal Information

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– Spamming– Malware Threats

• Age-inappropriate Content

• Social Isolation, Obesity and Depression

Percentage of Internet Users 2015

60

70

80

90

100

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0

10

20

30

40

50

Africa Asia Europe MiddleEast North America Latin America Australia

Internet Usage November 30, 2015

World RegionsPopulation( 2015 Est.)

Population% of World

Internet Users

30 Nov 2015

Penetration(%

Population)

Growth2000-2015

Users %of Table

Africa1,158,355,66

316.0 % 330,965,359 28.6 % 7,231.3% 9.8 %

Asia4,032,466,88

255.5 % 1,622,084,293 40.2 % 1,319.1% 48.2 %

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Europe 821,555,904 11.3 % 604,147,280 73.5 % 474.9% 18.0 %

Middle East 236,137,235 3.3 % 123,172,132 52.2 % 3,649.8% 3.7 %

North America 357,178,284 4.9 % 313,867,363 87.9 % 190.4% 9.3 %

Latin America / Caribbean 617,049,712 8.5 % 344,823,099 55.9 % 1,808.4% 10.2 %

Oceania / Australia 37,158,563 0.5 % 27,200,530 73.2 % 256.9% 0.8 %

WORLD TOTAL7,259,902,24

3100.0 % 3,366,260,056 46.4 % 832.5% 100.0 %

Internet mapping

based on DNS

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net, ca, us

mil, gov, edu

uk, it, fr

44Level3 network

The Future

• higher transmission speeds• advanced applications for distributed

computing• digital libraries

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• digital libraries• virtual laboratories• E- learning• tele-immersion