Cassava CI Project 3: Implementing MARS Project for drought tolerance

MARS trial at Kano

• Introduced by Federer (1956) • Controls (check varieties) are replicated in a standard experimental design • New treatments (genotypes) are not replicated, or have fewer replicates than the checks – they augment the standard design

Augmented Designs

• Used in plant breeding during early generations + Seed, Land and other resources are limited + Want to evaluate as many genotypes as possible + Difficult to maintain homogeneous blocks when comparing so many genotypes •Unreplicated designs can make good use of scarce resources + Evaluate more genotypes + Test in more environments • Provide an estimate of standard error that can be used for comparisons + Among the new genotypes + Between new genotypes and check varieties

Flapjack

Genetic Map

Traits Minimum Maximum Average Std Dev Dakata

Number of Scars (6MAP) 25 63 44.85 8.93 35

Plant height (m: 6MAP) 62 187 98.11 24.15 90

Branching height (m) 51 190 82.87 24.24 81 Length of stems with scars (m) 36 119 69.29 15.68 62

Number of leaves (6MAP) 20 308 89.43 60.17 90

Branching levels (6MAP) 1 3 1.12 0.43 1

Summary of morphology data or the selected Latin American and elite local varieties evaluated at Minjibir,

Phenotyping

Phenotyping for key traits: Photosynthesis Stomatal conductance Abscisic acid Stem starch

Partner: Cornell university

DYLD

TRAIT CHRM LEFTMARKER LEFTMARKERNAME RIGHTMARKER RIGHTMARKERNAME LOD

HI 4 M177 MH004L16-MR-SNP M178 30828-SNP 5.326

DMC 4 M176 MH156J22-MR-SNP M177 MH004L16-MR-SNP 4.0804

DYLD 1 M026 Me_v4_MEF_c_1640 M027 Me_v4_MEF_c_1641 6.8818

DYLD 2 M066 Me_v4_MEF_c_3171 M067 MH006H24-MR-SNP 5.2917

DYLD 3 M124 Me_v4_MEF_c_2334 M125 MH060L20-MR-SNP 7.9659

DYLD 5 M216 30634-SNP M220 Me_v4_MEF_c_0015 8.0536

DYLD 7 M189 9422_134 M190 Me_v4_MEF_c_2288 6.8497

DYLD 14 M425 2257-SNP M426 30109-SNP 7.717

DYLD 18 M501 Me_v4_MEF_c_2327 M502 Me_v4_MEF_c_2326 7.0137

Marker trait association analysis

Infrastructure for MARS

Cassava Breeding Community of Practice: Accomplishments in the GCP and the Years Ahead

The Task – second phase (2011 -2013)

To increase routine use of markers in breeding

Development of new generation of breeders Improvement in data management and

analysis To develop partial inbred lines Gene pool development for farmer and end-

user key traits (architecture, yield, dry matter)

Breeder – breeder visit

Expansion of CoP

Old countries Nigeria Ghana Tanzania Uganda

New countries Liberia Kenya Mozambique DRC Cote d’Ivoire Malawi South Sudan Ethiopia

CG centers: IITA & CIAT

Routine use of markers in Breeding

Marker-assisted selection (MAS)

Mapping SNP markers around CMD2 gene

Serial # Markers 1 NS 169 2 NS 890 3 NS 149 4 SSRY 83 5 SSRY 106 6 SSRY 103 7 SSRY 28 8 NS 158 9 NS 198 10 EME 425 11 EME 171_1 12 NS 162 13 NS 124

Gene pool development F1S1 Families

Value addition in disease resistance genetic background

Latin American cassava germplasm About 2000 genotypes in seedling and in vitro cultures

evaluated Traits: PPD, protein, beta carotene, drought tolerance,

starch yield, plant architecture

Landraces Partners: CIAT, IITA

Inbreeding: toward partial inbreds

CoP workshops

First phase IITA, Nigeria – 2008 NaCRRI, Uganda – 2009 CRI, Ghana - 2010

Second phase ARI , Tanzania – 2012 SARI, Ethiopia - 2013

Development of genetic stocks S2, S3 lines Starch, beta carotene CBSD

Genetic stocks for CBSD tolerance in Tanzania

Hybridization

Release of MAS developed varieties

CR 37-108 CR 36-2

CR 14A-1 CR 36-5

CoP Breeding support through IBP

Training on Data management ICASS producing field books, Genetic profiles for planning crosses, Tools for adding new breeding methods, new data fields, and new traits

Tim Setter Chiedozie Egesi Elizabeth Parkes Bright Peprah Joseph Onyeka Hannibal Lydia Ezenwaka Ugochukwu Ikeogu Zander Myburg Geoffrey Mkamilo Marcos Malosetti

Acknowledgement Emmanuel Okogbenin Xavier Delannay Ndeye Ndack Diop Joseph Adjerbeng Olalekan Akinbo Ezenwanyi Uba Yemi Olojede Pablo Rabonowicz Morag Ferguson Melaku Gedil Larry Butler Fred Vaneeuwikj

Thank You!