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FIELD CROPS AND CEREALS

CSCI 101

FIELD CROPS AND CEREALS

CSCI 101

BY: ANDRELORD G. MEDINABY: ANDRELORD G. MEDINA

INSTRUCTORINSTRUCTORDMMMSU-IADMMMSU-IA

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IMPORTANCE OF FIELD CROPSIMPORTANCE OF FIELD CROPS

Food for manFood for man

Feed for animalsFeed for animals

Industrial usesIndustrial uses

Medicinal usesMedicinal uses

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PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTSPROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS

Improper seed selectionImproper seed selection Lack of appropriate technology in cultural and Lack of appropriate technology in cultural and

management practices and post harvest handling.management practices and post harvest handling. CapitalCapital Interest in farmingInterest in farming Peace and orderPeace and order

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GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF SOME IMPORTANT FIELD CROPS

GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF SOME IMPORTANT FIELD CROPS

Plant morphology deals with the Plant morphology deals with the development, form, structure and life development, form, structure and life history of plants. The plant parts may be history of plants. The plant parts may be divided into above ground parts and divided into above ground parts and underground parts.underground parts.

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IDENTIFYING FIELD CROPSIDENTIFYING FIELD CROPS

1.1. CEREALSCEREALS 3. Root crops3. Root crops RiceRice Sweet potato Sweet potato CornCorn CassavaCassava SorghumSorghum GabiGabi

2. LEGUMES2. LEGUMES 4. Others4. Others PeanutPeanut TobaccoTobacco MungbeanMungbean CottonCotton CowpeaCowpea

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IDENTIFYING THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF FIELD CROPS

IDENTIFYING THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF FIELD CROPS

1.1. Underground Parts Underground Parts

Roots – Primary, secondary, tertiary and root hairs.Roots – Primary, secondary, tertiary and root hairs.

2. 2. Above Ground PartsAbove Ground Parts

Stem, branches, twigs, leaves, flowers, and fruits.Stem, branches, twigs, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

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Functions of the partsFunctions of the parts

Roots – food absorption, anchorage and storage of Roots – food absorption, anchorage and storage of nutrients.nutrients.

Stem – supports the branches, twigs, leaves, flowers Stem – supports the branches, twigs, leaves, flowers and fruitsand fruits

Leaves – responsible for the manufacturing of foods Leaves – responsible for the manufacturing of foods through photosynthesisthrough photosynthesis

Flowers – reproduction, multiplication and Flowers – reproduction, multiplication and attraction.attraction.

Fruits – reproduction, multiplicationFruits – reproduction, multiplication

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FIELD CROPS

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FIELD CROPS

1.1. ClimateClimate

- average condition of weather at a given place- average condition of weather at a given place TemperatureTemperature RainfallRainfall DaylengthDaylength Light intensityLight intensity Wind velocityWind velocity Relative humidityRelative humidity

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2. Soil Factors2. Soil Factors

Topography – elevation, rolling, plain or hilly.Topography – elevation, rolling, plain or hilly. Soil PH – Alkalinity/acidity of the soil.Soil PH – Alkalinity/acidity of the soil. Soil texture – soil particles, sand, silt and clay.Soil texture – soil particles, sand, silt and clay. Soil structure – arrangement of soil particlesSoil structure – arrangement of soil particles

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FIELD CROPS

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FIELD CROPS

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3. Biotic Factors3. Biotic Factors Insect pestInsect pest Diseases – fungi, bacteria and virusesDiseases – fungi, bacteria and viruses WeedsWeeds RodentsRodents OthersOthers

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FIELD CROPS

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FIELD CROPS

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What is a seed?What is a seed?A A seedseed is a small is a small embryonic plantembryonic plant enclosed in a enclosed in a

covering called the covering called the seed coatseed coat, usually with some , usually with some stored foodstored food. .

The formation of the seed completes the process of The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants.reproduction in seed plants.

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Why are seeds advantageous for plants?Why are seeds advantageous for plants?

maintain dormancy until better maintain dormancy until better environmental conditions ariseenvironmental conditions arise

afford protection to young plant at afford protection to young plant at vulnerable developmental stagevulnerable developmental stage

contain adequate food supply until contain adequate food supply until photosynthesis is possiblephotosynthesis is possible

dispersal of plantsdispersal of plants

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SEED STRUCTURESEED STRUCTURE

ExternalExternal Seed coat (Seed coat (testatesta)) HilumHilum

EmbryoEmbryo CotyledonCotyledon Epicotyl / HypocotylEpicotyl / Hypocotyl PumulePumule RadicalRadical

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Seed CoatSeed Coat

AKA AKA testatesta The seed coat The seed coat protectsprotects the embryo the embryo Can be of varying thicknesses, depending Can be of varying thicknesses, depending

on the seed type. on the seed type.

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HilumHilum

ScarScar from the seed being attached to the from the seed being attached to the parent plant parent plant

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Embryo Embryo

The embryo is what The embryo is what forms the new plantforms the new plant once the opportune conditions are present. once the opportune conditions are present.

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CotyledonCotyledon The cotyledon is the The cotyledon is the first first

leafleaf that germinates. that germinates. It is filled with It is filled with stored foodstored food

that the plant uses before it that the plant uses before it begins photosynthesis.begins photosynthesis.

Some plants have 1 Some plants have 1 cotyledon (monocot) and cotyledon (monocot) and some have 2 cotyledons some have 2 cotyledons (dicot).(dicot).

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Epicotyl /Hypocotyl Epicotyl /Hypocotyl The basis for the The basis for the

plant’s plant’s stemstem. . It is known as the It is known as the

epicotyl above the epicotyl above the cotyledon and a cotyledon and a hypocotyl below the hypocotyl below the cotyledon. cotyledon.

These grow upward in These grow upward in response to light.response to light.

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PlumulePlumuleThe shoot tip with a pair of miniature The shoot tip with a pair of miniature leavesleaves..

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The RadicleThe Radicle

The part of the seed where the The part of the seed where the rootroot develops. develops.

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GerminationGermination

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Water AbsorptionWater Absorption

The seed absorbs water and oxygen.The seed absorbs water and oxygen.

Absorbed oxygen causes the seed to swell and Absorbed oxygen causes the seed to swell and increase in size. increase in size.

The seed secretes enzymes that convert The seed secretes enzymes that convert insoluble starches into soluble sugars.insoluble starches into soluble sugars.

Soluble sugars dissolve in the absorbed water Soluble sugars dissolve in the absorbed water and are used as food by the plant embryo.and are used as food by the plant embryo.

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Emergence of RadicleEmergence of Radicle

The seed coat rupturesThe seed coat ruptures

permitting the youngpermitting the young

root root (radicle)(radicle) to emerge to emerge

and grow downward toand grow downward to

anchor the plant.anchor the plant.

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Emergence of RadicleEmergence of Radicle

In a dicot, the seed coat In a dicot, the seed coat (testa) splits near the (testa) splits near the hilum, and the young hilum, and the young root becomes the root becomes the primary root from primary root from which all branching which all branching roots formroots form..

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Plant Emergence Plant Emergence

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Plant Emergence (monocot)Plant Emergence (monocot)

In a germinating monocot In a germinating monocot seed, no hypocotyl arch seed, no hypocotyl arch exists to push the leaf exists to push the leaf portions through the soil. portions through the soil.

Instead, the coleoptile Instead, the coleoptile covering the plumule (tight covering the plumule (tight roll of leaves) pierces the soil roll of leaves) pierces the soil surface exposing the surface exposing the developing plant to the developing plant to the sunlight.sunlight.

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Dicot GerminationDicot Germination

Two types of seed germination occurTwo types of seed germination occur

among dicots based on how theamong dicots based on how the

seedlings emerge.seedlings emerge.

EpigeousEpigeous Germination Germination HypogeousHypogeous Germination Germination

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Epigeous GerminationEpigeous Germination

In In epigeous epigeous germination, the germination, the hypocotyl of the embryo hypocotyl of the embryo elongates and raises the elongates and raises the plumule, epicotyl, and plumule, epicotyl, and cotyledons through the soil cotyledons through the soil surface and above the ground.surface and above the ground.

Garden beans have an Garden beans have an epigeous type of germination.epigeous type of germination.

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Epigeous GerminationEpigeous Germination

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Hypogeous GerminationHypogeous Germination

In In hypogeoushypogeous germination, the germination, the epicotyl elongates and raises the epicotyl elongates and raises the plumule above the ground.plumule above the ground.

The cotyedons (which are usually The cotyedons (which are usually still enclosed by the seed coat) still enclosed by the seed coat) and the hypocotyl never emerge and the hypocotyl never emerge and remain below the surface of and remain below the surface of the soil. the soil.

Peas have a hypogeous type of Peas have a hypogeous type of germination.germination.

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Hypogeous Germination Hypogeous Germination

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THE ENDTHE END