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Heider Jeffer is a PhD studentmathematician & theoreticalphysicistSite about science, art, music,movies, health, fun, beauty &other interestsAll Hieder Social Networks At:
Heider writing appeared At:• Stanford Center ForProfessional Development• U.S. Air Force engineers &scientistsHeider Publications AT:
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Heider Web At:
Heider codes At:
Visit Heider At:• Avicenna youtube channelscience, musics &films,Stanford & MIT lecturevideos...etc!• Richard Feynman and Art.about arts ..etc!• Heider Online library ReadHeider's online books for free!• Heider Cinema : watch onlinefor free, Films, Documentaries ,Tv Shows!• Heider Avicenna about veganrecipes and cooking...etc!Heider Social Box At:
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Contributers to Greenhouse Effect_______________________________________________________
FOR IMMEDIAT E RELEASE
________________________________________________________
Please respect the Copyright & Code Honor
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Hy perPhy sics (©C.R. Nave, 2012) is a continually developing base of instructional material in phy sics.
It is not freeware or shareware. It must not be copied or mirrored without authorization. The author is
open to proposals for its use for non-profit instructional purposes. The overall intent has been to
develop a wide ranging exploration environment which could be of use to students and teachers.
________________________________________________________
Start:
Those gas molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere with three or more atoms are called “greenhouse gases”
because they can capture outgoing infrared energy from the Earth, thereby warming the planet. The
greenhouse gases include water vapor with three atoms (H2O), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
methane (CH4). Also, trace quantities of chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFC’s) can have a disproportionately
large effect.
To attempt to quantify the effects of greenhouse gases on the global temperature, climatologists use the
“radiative forcing” of the current atmospheric content of these gases.
T herm ody nam ics Greenhouse Effect
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The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of v isible light from the sun
pass through a transparent medium and are absorbed, but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-
radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The trapping of the long
wavelength radiation leads to more heating and a higher resultant temperature. Besides the heating of
an automobile by sunlight through the windshield and the namesake example of heating the greenhouse
by sunlight passing through sealed, transparent windows, the greenhouse effect has been widely used to
describe the trapping of excess heat by the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The carbon dioxide strongly absorbs infrared and does not allow as much of it to escape into space.
A major part of the efficiency of the heating of an actual greenhouse is the trapping of the air so that the
energy is not lost by convection. Keeping the hot air from escaping out the top is part of the practical
“greenhouse effect”, but it is common usage to refer to the infrared trapping as the “greenhouse effect”
in atmospheric applications where the air trapping is not applicable.
Greenhouse Effect Exam ple
Bright sunlight will effectively warm y our car on a cold, clear day by the greenhouse effect. The longer
infrared wavelengths radiated by sun-warmed objects do not pass readily through the glass. The
entrapment of this energy warms the interior of the vehicle. The trapping of the hot air so that it cannot
rise and lose the energy by convection also play s a major role.
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Shorter wavelengths of ultrav iolet light are largely blocked by glass since they have greater quantum
energies which have absorption mechanisms in the glass. Even though y ou may be uncomfortably
warm with bright sunlight streaming through, y ou will not be sunburned.
Increase in Greenhouse Gases
The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, one of the three major atmospheric contributers
to the greenhouse effect has been carefully documented at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. The
1990 rate of increase was about 0.4% per y ear. The interesting cy clic variations represent the reduction
in carbon dioxide by photosy nthesis during the growing season in the northern hemisphere. Current
analy sis suggests that the combustion of fossil fuels is a major contributer to the increase in the carbon
dioxide concentration, such contributions being 2 to 5 times the effect of deforestation (Kraushaar &
Ristinen).
Increase in Atm ospheric Carbon Dioxide
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The Mauna Loa monitoring station reports the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere today as about
380 parts per million compared to 315 ppm in 1958 when modern measurements were initiated.
Measurements of air bubbles trapped in the Greenland ice sheet indicate concentrations of 27 0 ppm in
preindustrial times.
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These are sketches of the graphs produced in the IPCC 2007 report of the increase in key greenhouse
gases. They make clear that most of the increase of the last thousand y ears has occurred in the past 200
y ears. The radiative forcing of these gases is related to their concentration .
Global Warm ing
An issue of major concern is the possible effect of the burning of fossil fuels and other contributers to
the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The action of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases in trapping infrared radiation is called the greenhouse effect. It may measurably increase the
overall average temperature of the Earth, which could have disastrous consequences. Sometimes the
effects of the greenhouse effect are stated in terms of the albedo of the Earth, the overall average
reflection coefficient.
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This graphic of the global air temperature was posted by Phil Jones on behalf of the Climatic Research
Unit, UK. The key reference used was Brohan, et al. Another depiction of the mean temperatures in the
northern hemisphere was drawn from NOAA.
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This graphic of the global air temperature was posted by Phil Jones on behalf of the Climatic Research
Unit, UK. The key reference used was Brohan, et al. Another depiction of the mean temperatures in the
northern hemisphere was drawn from NOAA.
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6
Because the potential consequences of global warming in terms of loss of snow cover, sea level rise,
change in weather patterns, etc are so great, it is a major societal concern. On the other hand, proposed
measures to reduce human contributions to greenhouse gases can also have great consequences. The
large potential impact combined with the ambiguities of the science has given rise to many passionate
extremes. Stephen Schneider of Stanford seems to me to be one of the more balanced voices. His
website is a good source for relevant data. He discusses the problems in the context of the Earth’s
energy balance and the changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases. Increase in greenhouse.
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