From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

Community Empowerment 3

Active Community Involvement is Key to Empowerment 6

Interview

Pungky Sumadi, Director of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas 8

Nina Sidle Unsulangi: A farmer who does not have

to be in a village with big land 10

Regulation

Water Supply Provision System 12

Insight 14

Report 21

Telescope 23

Our Guest 26

Innovation 28

Around Plan 29

Around ISSDP 31

Around WASPOLA 33

Around WSS 34

Program 45

Abstract 47

IATPI Clinic 48

Book Info 49

Website Info 50

CD Info 51

Agenda 52

WSS Bibliography

This magazine can be accessed at Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Websiteat www.apml.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Water Supply and Sanitation

Working Group

Advisor:Director General for Human Settlement,

Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Settlement and Housing, National

Development Planning AgencyDirector of Water and Sanitation,

Ministry of HealthDirector of Water Supply Development,

Department of Public WorksDirector of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Zaenal Nampira,Indar Parawansa,

Bambang Purwanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono,

Reski Dian Diniari

Design/Illustrator:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Agus Syuhada

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.comredaksi@ampl.or.id

oswar@bappenas.go.id

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

We have determined to tirelessly voice out a plea to makeall of us aware of the importance of raw water andhealthy environment. This edition brings to you a

number of water supply and environmental sanitation relatedinformation.

It has become a kind of task, to knock at the door of ourawareness, through transformation of knowledge and informa-tion so that this very magazine published by the WSS-WG hascome into 18th edition.

Last May and June the world celebrated two important his-toric moments each carrying the duties related to the fate ofworld's population. They are the World Environment Day on 5June and Earth Day on 22 April.

Have we asked ourselves what good deed have we con-tributed to the environment around us? To our beloved earth,for that matter? It seems this question frequently whines duringthe disaster or when an awareness is passing through for a shortmoment.

Do you realize that the earth we live in is more than 4 billionyears old. And each time the planet that has been inhabited byhuman being for thousands of years is undergoing change. Aslow but sure change. The change is linked with the existence ofits inhabitants. Natural disasters that overwhelm the earth sur-face is the symptom of the acceleration of the changes. And it isquite unwise if the blame for each disaster is imposed on naturalphenomenon.

What have we, the civilized being, contributed to this earth?Have we done anything positive for the sake of environmentalconservation and for the sake of human life? Let's compare ourgood deed against the destruction to the earth. It is not impos-sible, that the big changes that lead to the earth destruction arethe consequences of human activity.

More horrifying is the global warming phenomenon thatagain becomes the daily talks since the last few years. Variousdisasters have hit and several diseases plague the earth popula-tion is the evidence how vicious global warming effect can be.

Imagine, this phenomenon will accelerate the earth damagethat means damage to the life of its inhabitants. This is beyondthe individual problems or that of one or two nations. Earth'sfate is the responsibility of all human being.

Again, human awareness is at stake. And speaking of humanawareness, individually as well as communally, demands aneffective community, sensitive to environment, and capable ofovercoming life problem wisely.

A review on community empowerment fills our MainFeature in this edition. In reality, there are still many of ushuman beings who are alien to clean environment for our sur-vival. Through community empowerment man's consciousinvolvement is absolutely needed and this requires support andfacilitation.

An article reviews how WSS programs and projects inIndonesia are inseparable from community empowerment asvehicle towards achievement. WSLIC (Water and Sanitation forLow Income Communities), CWSH (Community Water Servicesand Health Project), Sanitation by the Community (Sanimas)and ProAir (Water Program). Even, Sanimas program claimsthat 70 percent of its implementation is pivoted on communityempowerment.

The main feature of this edition is made more complete withan interview with Dr. Pungky Sumadi, Director of PovertyAlleviation, Bappenas who speaks a lot about National Programfor Community Empowerment. Last but not least our guestTasya who was once a junior singer who is now coming to ado-lescence. This Junior Environmental Ambassadress representsyoung people of her age in speaking about waste management.

For all of the above and in the light of further improvementto this magazine comments and suggestion from our loyal read-ers are most welcome. Have a nice time in reading Percik.

FROM THE EDITOR

WSS Working Group - WASPOLA Boothin Indowater Exhibition 2007.Photo: Bowo Leksono.

1PercikJuly 2007

How to Access Percik Digital File

Assalamu 'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Praise God. I'd herewith acknowledge with thanks receipt of

Percik English version ed. December 2006. It is stated therein

that Percik magazine can be accessed in the AMPL website. I

have tried to dowload it but I always failed. I wonder if a permit,

specific method, or requirement is required.

Thank you.

Wassalamu 'alaikum

Denny Herlard

Thank you Mr. Denny,

There is no permit, specific method or requirement needed.

It might be due the size of the file, over 3 MB, thus it takes a long

time to access. We are trying to reduce the file size to make it

easier to access.

Wish to Have Percik Bound Volume

Thank you for your response to my email. Thank you also for

the CD and magazines. If you do not have the bound volume I

would like to have the CD, and additionally I also would like to

subscribe Percik magazine. I enclose herewith my home and

office addresses. Please let me know if there is a mailing cost

involved.

With kind regards.

Yuliyanti

University of Indonesia Health Research Centre

Faculty of Community Health Bldg G Room 211

University of Indonesia Depok Campus Postal Code 16424

Wish to Have Percik Magazine

Dear Percik,

I am Rudi. I came to know Percik from environmental

reporter mailing list. Today I am no longer a reporter but con-

centrating more on training radio reporters. Sometimes I teach

specific subject on environment. Therefore I need the magazine

you are publishing. If it is free of charge I am quite interested. I

also need the earlier editions. If it would be difficult for you to

send to my address, I will be happy if you let me collect it from

your office. Yudi

Pondok Cipta Blok C25Bekasi Barat 17134

Wish to Have CD and Books

To improve the students' knowledge and insight on

Environmental Science, we, the Association of Environmental

Engineering Students, Pasundan University Bandung kindly

request for the following items:

Reducing Energy Cost in Municipal Water Supply

Operation

Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Management.

Published by DG City Planning and Urban Planning, 2003.

(in Indonesian)

Fighting Against Waste, Depok City Cleaning Agency (in

Indonesian)

Waste Recycle, Tony Hare, PT Rosda Jayaputra, Jakarta (in

Indonesia)

Bringing Water to the Poor. Selected ADB Case Studies.

ADB Water Awareness Program.

Municipalities & Community Participation. A Sourcebook

of Capacity Building. Jenelle Plummer. Earthscan

Publication Ltd., London.

Dictionary of Terms and Foreign Abbreviation in

Environmental and Sanitation Engineering. Published by

Trisakti University Press. (in Indonesian)

Percik magazine. Regular subscription.

Our address:

Campus IV Pasundan University Bandung

Association of Environmental Engineering Students

Secretariate: Bldg C Jalak Harupat 7th fl.

Jl. Setiabudi No. 193 Bandung.

With kind regards,

Thank you for your attention

Asep Pulloh Hidayat

Acknowledgement of Receipt

Acknowledge with thanks receipt of Percik magazine XVII,

Percik Yunior, and 3 CDs. We honestly hope these materials will

be helpful to our department, especially the students, so that the

intention to extensive dissemination of water supply and sanita-

tion related information could be achieved.

With kind regards and thank you again

Chairman, Environmental Engineering DepartmentTechnical Faculty Andalas University

Limau Manis Campus, Padang

YOUR VOICE

2 PercikJuly 2007

It seems that an activity without community empowermentlabel tagged to it is considered outdated. This tendencywas unheard of until early 1990s when many government

projects were beginning to bear community based label. Whatfollows was that the term community empowerment is under-stood in various different ways. From the most rigid whichdefines it as from, by and for the community denying as much aspossible the role of government till up to the most looselydefines it as a one way socialization of the project to the benefi-ciary community at beginning of the activity. Currently the gov-ernment has launched a National Program for Community

Empowerment. This article intends to contribute informationon the meaning, basic principle, advantage and disadvantageincluding government portion in a community based activity.

What is Community Empowerment?Community empowerment is defined in many different

ways, but there are at least two requirements that have to be metif an activity is to be considered as community based. One, if thecommunity reserves the right to make decision. Two, if the com-munity is responsible for operation and management (O&M) ofthe facility.

MAIN FEATURE

3PercikJuly 2007

Requirements for CommunityBased

Community based activity will runsmoothly if the community is (i) capable;and (ii) willing to manage. The require-ments are developed through trainingand capacity building programs, the restwill come through organizationalimprovement. Though many aspects ofthe development are to be obtained fromgovernment facilitation.

Advantage and DisadvantageIt is understood that community will-

ingness is influenced by many factors,such as the advantage to the community.For this purpose there are several identi-fiable advantages the community couldpossibly get (i) design is developed inaccordance with community demand; (ii)level of service is determined on the base

of community demand and willingness topay; (iii) community understandingalways to be taken into consideration; (iv)the community becomes more indepen-dent from external sources; (v) costrecovery principle and payment systemcan be adjusted to community condition;(vi) improvement of community manage-rial capacity; (vii) the community ownsits own facility; (viii) improvement ofcommunity self confidence.

The disadvantages may vary widelydepending on the local condition and ingeneral may come in the following for-mats (i) the management team is func-tioning only at times of the facility break-down, in all other times it is dormant; (ii)the management team is dominated bycertain group/individuals; (iii) financialmanagement frequently becomes the

source of conflict; (iv) there may arisecompetition between management teamwith the traditional community leaders oreven with the village government; (v)highly dependent on exernal facilitator.

Legal ImplicationIn connection with community based

management, there are several issues thatare likely to create problems in the future.Based on experience, ownership of theasset is the main issue. Especially whenthe fund is derived from various differentsources, such as donor, government (cen-tral and regional), NGO, and the commu-nity. Transfering the asset to the commu-nity will remove it permanently from thegovernment balance sheet including theconsequential maintenance budget whichotherwise may not be available. If on theother hand the asset is transferred to thegovernment then the community wouldquestion the whereabouts of its contribu-tion. One of the ways commonly prac-tised is transfering the asset to the go-vernment while the management rightremains with the community. In this waythe community can manage and generateincome from the management. For thispurpose it is deemed necessary to makeregulatory changes in order to make go-vernment a grant to community possibleand to determine the legal status of thecommunity level management team.

What Makes Government SupportWork?

If community is directly involved in adevelopment process, the governmentwill feel somewhat dizzy as to change itsrole from provider into facilitator, coordi-nator and supporter. This requires thatthe involved government employeesadjust their attitudes. In addition to loos-ing their capacity for making their owndecision and issuing instruction to thecommunity, they have to listen to thecommunity's opinion and idea.Government employees must answer onbehalf of the community in terms of tech-nology choice, funding, efficacy, level ofservice, O&M requirements, etc. As addi-tion, they also have to be flexible, and

MAIN FEATURE

4 PercikJuly 2007

COMMUNITY RIGHTS TO

CAPACITY TO MANAGE

Technology choice

Level of service

Form of organization

Funding mechanism

Maintenance and repair

Regulation

Funding

Management organization

TANGGUNG JAWAB MASYARAKAT UNTUK

KEINGINAN MENGELOLA

Availability of technical skill

Availability of management

and problem solving skill

Integratedness

Technological complexity

Availability of spare parts

Capacity of payment

Legal framework

Availability of information

Demand

Human resouces quantity,

dependability and quality

Advantage

Equality

Acceptability of technology

Level of service

Willingness to pay

Cost of service opportunity

Management alternative

Political factor

MAIN FEATURE

5PercikJuly 2007

capable of compromising between techni-cal efficiency and and non technical fac-tors underlying the community demand.Of course, there are requirements thathave to be met such as (i) capability ofcommunication; (ii) motivation to help;(iii) availability of minimum fund; and(iv) willingness to spend more time for thefavour of the community.

Advantage and disadvantage of go-vernment support

As it is with the community, the go-vernment will support the community onlyif it is obviously advantageous. The mostobvious advantage is less routine mainte-nance and repair to be done. Besides,there are several other advantages, suchas (i) improvement of willingness to paybecause the community realizes that theservice is not government provided; (ii)improved system efficacy; (iii) more timefor the government to concentrate onplanning without being distracted byother details such as routine repair; (iv)relieve the government from the burdenof limited financial and human resourcescapacity; (v) funds for maintenance andrepair can be shifted to developmentfinancing.

On the other hand, there are in it se-veral disadvantages should the govern-ment facilitate community based acivity:(i) loss of power, status and influence; (ii)the whole process takes a long time; (iii)difficult to apply a uniform approach; (iv)possible difficulty for compromising com-munity demand with political considera-tion.

Application in WSS DevelopmentOne of the difficulties faced by the

government in the provision of water sup-ply and sanitation facilities is limitedfunding capacity. This is because of theconventional tendency of government ori-entation (i) more emphasis on physicalconstruction instead of service improve-ment; (ii) service is provided purely bypublic sector instead of partnershiparrangement; (iii) lack of political will tourge the community to pay for a publicservice.

In the last few decades changes arebeginning to take place that stimulatedevelopment orientation leans towardsinvolvement of stakeholders from outsidethe government. This tendency goes incompliance with the beginning of the eraof decentralization giving the regionalgovernment more responsibility and atthe same time also the demand improveefficiency, effectiveness and service susta-bility.

The above process then ignites achange in government role from providerto facilitator, and supporter. Each of thetwo parties, the government and the com-munity as well, are facing uncertaintywithin the transition period. On the onehand, the regional government tends torelease the entire process to the commu-nity while the community is not preparedto assume the new role.

In reality the community based WSSfacility management does not alwaysmean a full community management. Thebasic idea is role sharing according toeach one's capacity. Even the private sec-tor may be involved in case the communi-ty alone is unable to handle a certaindevelopment undertaking. The pattern ofrole sharing will not always be the samedepending on the type of activity, techni-cal and financial capacity of the commu-nity, government facilitation capacity,and so on.

To find the right community empo-werment format in WSS development isour common task. So that the pendulumthat currently is aiming to communityempowerment in WSS development willnot swing back to the government direc-tion as the sole WSS service provider. (OM from various sources)

Napila Hilwati, AM Keb., village midwife of Tanjung Tiga village, Muaraenim, S. Sumatrais discussing the topic of hygiene life with young females of the community. Photo: Bowo

One of the main components for acommunity development pro-gram or project is its in building

the community active participation notonly in sharing the benefit but also in thesense of being part of the development sothat the project or activity may sustain.Community involvement is the real con-summation of community empowermenttowards self reliance, as is in WSS deve-lopment in Indonesia,

Various methods and approacheshave been tried to explore the communitypotential. For example, WSLIC (Waterand Sanitation for Low Income Commu-nities) is implemented based on theMethodology for Particiapatory Assess-ments (MPA) and Participatory Hygieneand Sanitation Transformation (PHAST)i.e. participation and democracy in reallife particularly for women and the poor.This method is not too much differentfrom CWSH (Community Water Servicesand Health) Project is doing. In Sanimas(Sanitation by the Community) the appli-cation of RPA (Rapid ParticipatoryAssessments) is considered effective in arapid and systematic manner the identifi-cation of sanitation problems and issuesand the community willingness for theirresolution on their own.

While in the ProAir program theemphasis it is put on demand responsive-ness approach which is open for all com-ponents of the community with specialattention to women as community moti-vator (participatory approach) and thecommunity as the leading actor.

The methods are basically directed to

more or less the same objective. Activecommunity involvement is a coercive factorin order that everyone feels to belong toand therefore is responsible to sustain theproject's effectiveness.

How far is community involve-ment?

Each activity or project puts the com-munity as the leading actor. This is evi-denced for instance in Sanimas, the com-munity involvement is the dominant factorso that without community involvementthere is no community sanitation. "InSanimas, community empowerment repre-sents 70 percent of the activity," says Emah,a Dept. Public Work officer responsible forSanimas day to day activity.

In CWSH the community is activelyinvolved and plays a role in decision mak-ing, planning and implementation of vil-lage level activity and in supervising the useof the existing resources. In Proair, theGerman government grant funded projectthe community involvement also requires,additionally, in cash and in kind contribu-tion including labour.

WSLIC-2 CPMU Imam Syahbandisays that WSLIC-2 project target is anempowered grassroot community who iswilling to actively participate so that thedevelopment is from and driven by thecommunity. "The community developsthe idea, plan, implementation activity,use and maintain, and is committed tothe decision made so that everyonebelongs to the development and thus the

MAIN FEATURE

6 PercikJuly 2007

A group of village youth regardless of status and sexual denomination sit together to dis-cuss the village development. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Active CommunityParticipation As Key toEmpowerment

sustainability is achieved," he says.In CWSH the target is to build community self reliance, self

conscience and responsibility. "It is expected the community iscapable of managing hygiene behaviour, prevention of diseases,protect water source and environment, development of watersupply and sanitation," says Mrs. Pimanih, of CWSH Planningand Financial section.

As for ProAir, considering the relatively big investment

involved for its construction, the community empowerment is

targeted to sustainability of the water supply and sanitation

facility. We may sum up from the above discussion that commu-

nity empowerment is targeted to a strong community that is evi-

denced from its willingness to actively participate and involve

towards achieving sustainability.

Barriers and Solution

According to Imam the classic reason for community

empowerment failure is poor economic condition and communi-

ties are highly different one from the other. The worst of all, he

said further, the marketing to the involved sector for the adop-

tion and replication of approach. "Probably all of us are aware

that community empowerment based activity is more realistic

and beneficial, but when it comes to marketing the idea to obtain

public funding, APBD (regional budget) and or APBN (national

budget), for post project activity continuation one can be sure

that it is not at all an easy thing to do. Therefore, one of the bar-

riers in the near future is the exit strategy," revealed Imam.

He tries to overcome it through provision of facilitator coun-

terpart, by cross sector teamwork or by a consultant to build

community preparedness, through repeat meeting at communi-

ty level or some other locally suitable method. In addition it is

necessary to establish an inter-agency coordination particularly

when it comes to budget requirement and post project sustain-

abiliy for program replication (exit strategy).

Lack of field facilitators' dedication who are the spearheads

of the empowerment, is a barrier in Sanimas. Emah admits that

empowerment is never easy, it is even a difficult task if it is done

without the heart and if not understood well.

With ProAir, the barrier lies with the target setting and fiscal

year. "Besides, the collection of in cash contribution takes a

longer time because the amount of fund for physical cxonstruc-

tion is relatively big therefore the community in cash contribu-

tion is also big," explains Ir. Deni Mulyana, Mkes. ProAir exec

secretary. The hard work of the field facilitators , according to

Deni, becomes the concrete solution.

While according to Pimanih, more intimately called Upi, it is

difficult to change the government employees's way of thinking,

is the barrier in CWSH. "They have been patterned to project

orientation, always consider the the poor is helpless, lack of edu-

cation therefore knows nothing. It is not too difficult to accept

the new paradigm but it is extremely difficult to unleash the old

habit,"says Upi. For this CWSH developed a way to overcome it

through capacity improvement of the employees in facilitation

and empowerment approach through relevant trainings and

study visits to successful community based empowerment pro-

jects.

Indicator of Success

For WSLIC-2 project the indicator of success is sustainable

community self reliance. How to sustain empowerment and

community participation is, according to Imam, provision of

more authority to the community in development management,

development of reward system, and establishment of two-way

communication with the government to discuss development

progress.

Proair determines it through the number of facilities deve-

loped run by an established management team and the presence

of institutional and policy support. Emah strongly emphasizes

the need for criteria for measuring the level of achievement of

community empowerment. "The achievement does not only

come in the form of physical construction, but it is more its sus-

tainable function of the facility developed through community

activity and creativity," she says firmly.

And for CWSH, empowerment achievement is considered

successful if the community is capable of identifying, analysing

and propose solution to their problem and help themselves, self

confident and responsible to create a sustainable health devel-

opment process. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FEATURE

7PercikJuly 2007

A group of villagers are seriously discussing their villagehygiene program. Photo: Istimewa

Community empowerment programs have been tried sincethe time of the New Order. There are many aspects that mustbe ironed out and improved in order to reach the real commu-nity self-reliance. Community empowerment definition hasshifted into human resources capacity to solve his problems.Through the National Program for Community Empowerment(NPCE) launched barely one year ago it is expected to serve ascoordinating body for community empowerment related programs.

How the national program is brought into implementationand how effective is it to the community? The following is aninterview made by Percik with Dr. Pungky Sumardi, Director ofPoverty Reduction, Bappenas, held in his office.

W hat is the background of the National Programfor Community Empowerment?

Early May 2006, the Coordinating Ministers of SocialWelfare and Economic and Industry invited us together with theWorld Bank to sit together and discussed the performance ofKecamatan Development Program (KDP) and the possibility ofexpanding it to cover the whole Indonesia. In the beginning Iwas surprised, why was it they only knew about KDP while thereare many other programs such as Urban Poverty ReductionProgram (UPRP), and others. There are 19 ministries andnational institutions managing a total of 56 community empow-erment based programs.

Then I spoke about real situation. In 2007 KDP is nearingcompletion and UPRP will run through 2010 for the whole coun-try. I also proposed that from now on we must start phase byphase beginning from preparing the institution first.

It was agreed that in 2007 KDP and UPRP are expanded tocover 2800 kecamatans and in 2800 to 3800 kecamatans andlater all kecamatans in 2009. But I also proposed that 2009 isonly two years from now we won't be able to make it because theavailability of direct community subsidy is quite limited. Isuggested that this be extended up to 2015 because at that timeIndonesia must announce the MDGs target achievement. It wasagreed.

After it was agreed, what happened then?This means we have to work extra hard. There must be a

minimum standard within which the programs work though thisdoes not mean uniformity. This demands extra cautiousness informulating NPCE design. After data collection and assessmentof the existing programs it was concluded that there a number ofthe programs are ineffective. This may not continue that wayand for this reason NPCE is designed to serve as umbrella andcoordinator so that all empowerment programs could workeffectively and efficiently.

Through empowerment program it is expected that the com-munity will participate actively and access to basic infrastruc-ture and the small scale production economy. The key is tomake community of organizing themselves then they can devel-op any activity and work on any sector as they may wish. This isNPCE's real intention.

INTERVIEW

Dr. Pungky SumadiDirector of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas

MAKING COMMUNITYTHE LEADING ACTOR

8 PercikJuly 2007

Foto: Bowo Leksono

What is the real purpose of NPCE?It is obvious that we have to put the 56 programs into order

so the community may participate more actively in their effort toimprove their daily life or in the development activity and also aspartner to the regional government.

What is the underlying principle?The establishment of transparency, democracy practice in

community group election, accountability, help each otheramong community members based on voluntary principle,equality principle in practice. These are the principles we wishto establish.

Community empowerment in this connection, whatdoes it look like?

What we consider empowered community is when it is capa-ble of identifying its own problem and capable of proposingalternative solution through setting the priorities. The decisionmust be in their hands. If they are given opportunity to maketheir own decision, the effect will be overwhelming. This is whatwe call the essence of community empowerment, making thecommunity the leading actor.

In what way will it be implemented?At least the pure NPCE is categorized as PPK and P2KP and

this year the SPADA is ongoing, similar to PPK but speciallydesigned for conflict, backward and isolated areas. In 2008Regional Infrastructure for Socio-economic (RISE) program isprepared for implementation. This also will become an NPCEcore program.

Next year, we invite other programs to implement theiractivities within the NPCE areas gradually through the guidanceand coordination we are developing. This is the consequence ofprograms being tagged with community empowerment label.

The targets?There are two aspects in the context of poverty reduction

related to NPCE. We give freedom to the community to choosewho is the poorest among them. If we work based on BPS data,the tendency is individual target. Therefore, the approach mustbe based on community, we provide them with guidelines whoshould be selected as benefiaciary and target. We have to see toit that the purpose is to bring the community closer to the basicinfrastructure and the rolling economy. In other words, the tar-get is up to the community to choose. They have the freedom todecide.

What aspects are to be dealt with?It is mainly aimed at infrastructure and economic activity

based on rolling fund credit scheme. If we really want to reducepoverty, the most obvious is through an economic activity i.e.increasing income through employment generation. In this caseinfrastructure and small scale economy together serve as themain entrance. However, poverty cannot be dealth with merelyfrom the economic aspect. Social aspect such as education andhealth is also poverty indicator. Each one supports the other.

What are the barrriers currently in view?It is clear that we are under time pressure and short of per-

sonnel to launch a stronger socialization schedule to both cen-tral and regional level officers, this is because we are still beingtied with the NPCE design completion. The guidelines arealready completed and are now waiting for further inputs tomake them final.

Another problem is there are many who think we are a kindof agent. While in real fact is, the implementation will be in thehands of the involved Department. There are also who thinkthat NPCE will take somebody's share. The actual intention isthat we need cooperation to build a better coordination so thatall programs may run more effectively.

The above still does not count the probable regional eco-nomic condition from financial management inefficiency. Theregional government spend more money for office grandeur andcomfort rather than public service.

The solution?This again stresses the need of an effective communication

and socialization strategy. We are now working together withDepkominfo in formulating the strategy design so that the grass-root level facilitator has the same understanding of what is beingtransmitted to the community. Besides, monitoring and evalua-tion is another tool for overcoming the barriers.

So what are the targets?By 2015 in terms of development the Indonesian community

has increased into a better position. They exercise their right toimprove themselves, they are participative, they have courage tospeak before their government and make the regional govern-ment more sensitive to public service. Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW

9PercikJuly 2007

Photo: Bowo Leksono

Indeed, it is not easy to make the community understandthe meaning of caring and being part of the environment. Ittakes a long time to introduce such an idea even to your imme-diate neighbour. It takes a lot of sacrifice and high sense ofsocial responsibility. And Nina Sidle Unsulangi together withthe surrounding community have proven this social dedication.

The mother of three children and seven grandchildrenworking hand in hand with the waste management pioneerMadam Bambang "the waste" Wahono have strongly determinedto make this small part of this Beloved Jakarta green and to

remain consistent with environmental education. It is quiteappropriate that at the Jakarta 474th Birthday the ProvincialGovernment selected the home of this 70 years old lady theWinner of Residential House Arrangement. The 25 sq metreground floor 3 storey house is adorned with more than 100species of medicinal herbs and flower plants arranged nicely atevery space and corner. Percik visited her home at Jl.Banjarsari No. 13 RT05 RW09, Fatmawati, W, Cilandak, S.Jakarta.

The following are the excerpts.

W hen did you move intoJakarta?

I moved from Bandung to Jakarta in1973. At that time, this neighbourhoodwas quite messy. Turning it into a greenleafy surrounding was then unthinkable.But something did happen and it startedfrom RT level meeting in which 23 fami-lies got together. Together we madeavailable empty drums to serve asgarbage bins and we started flower plant-ing. Gradually the area began to lookbeautiful because we put flower plantsalong the road for all of us to take care of.

Then some time around 1982 I joinedMadam Bambang who lives in the neigh-bouring RT. I received a lot of guidancefrom her. By chance both of us have thesame interest and ideal, therefore we canget along nicely together up to now.Together we organized a Farmers' Groupnamed Dahlia. From around 20 mem-bers the number gradually increases till

we have 40 presently, some of them aremen. The core team consists of 7 mem-bers including myself.

In 1987 UNESCO provided us withtraining on waste management and envi-ronmental regreening. The institutiondid not come with financial assistance, itcame with education. And we are verypleased with it. Both UNESCO and thegovernment never give us financial assis-tance they help us with education andtraining. We bought all the plants fromour own money. After some time theresult became obvious, visitors fromother areas of Jakarta and the surround-ing regions began flowing in. Then alsofrom other areas, even from abroad forsharing of experience.

What aspect of empowermentare you aiming at?

Many. The essence is how to live ahygienic life through selfhelp effort.

Starting from oneself to the smallest unit,i.e the family, how to live in healthy homeand free from waste to keep diseasesaway. Free from waste is by itself a pollu-tion prevention in addition to environ-mental regreening which is done throughlearning nursery preparation and plantmaintenance.

You also work on scavengers'improvement?

Yes, and that is not easy because oftheir low education level and economicdifficulty. We have to use more feeling.Such as slowly building their awarenessthat scavengers are also Indonesian citi-zens with the same rights and responsi-bilites as the others, rich or poor. If youfeel that you are Indonesian citizen youmust also assume reponsibility towardsthis land. I also motivate them to plan fora change so as not to be a scavenger alltheir life. Not only that, I also teach pre-

INTERVIEW

10 PercikJuly 2007

Nina Sidle Unsulangi

A FARMER DOESN'T HAVETO BE VILLAGER WITHVAST TRACT OF LAND

Photo: Bowo Leksono

school and primary school children.

Is there any special method in educating children?Of course. As we all know children are still plain and inno-

cent, of course it needs a specific method in educating them.They are generally of 5 to 8 years old. We must use a lot of exam-ples to make them understand. For instance, what time do youwake up in the morning? At half past five! Oh, then it is the timewhen the buftterfly flower begins to bloom. This, at the sametime, is teaching them the name of a flower and its equivalentEnglish and Latin names. Learning while playing. Then we singtogether. Then they would say: "Grandma, please pray for us sothat we love our environment." This is like one year's hot daysbeing quenched with a one day's rain.

Outside Jakarta what other regions do the partici-pants come from?

From all over the country. Around Jakarta such asTangerang, Bekasi to Bandung, Cimahi, Subang and the easternregions such as Gorontalo, Makassar, and others. If there aremany participants, they usually invite us to come. What we usedto pioneer is now no more for us alone, it now belongs to every-one, to all Indonesian communities.

We realize that some of our training participants are not suc-cessful in their home town. There are so many reasons for this,one of them is if a participant represents the upper middle class.Generally this class considers that city cleaning or waste man-agement is none of our business. That is the government's. Letthem do their job. That what they think it is, so they wait for thegovernment to do the job.

What visitors or tourists would be willing to visit our city? If ourenvironment is dirty. How could we make spend their money if theenvironment is not comfortable for them? The rich and the lowincome population each has a different way of thinking. The latter ismore readily to being influenced and easily handled.

What are the constraints in the implementation ofthe education?

Many. In terms of age of the participants, one who is 40years and above is more difficult to learn than young people of20 years or below. Some young participants are also difficult ifthey come here on behalf of the government or NGO and thusthey attend the training partly as being forced to and thereforethey behave more or less like a tourist. And there is also a prob-lem derived from economic condition. Most of the participantsare housewives coming from low income bracket. There glittersfrom here a ray of hope that the women may produce an addi-tional income for the family, however small it may seem. A fa-mily will certainly needs sugar, coffee, rice, gas fuel, and so on.The would try their best to help their husband by earning some-thing. This is welfare in real life.

How could we make it into a reality? By being a farmer. Thisis a sort of awareness we build to city dwellers, being a farmer

doesn't have to be living in a rural village and work on a big tractof land. What can we do if we have only a small piece of land?We must be creative. Most important of all is that we must have wi-llingness to try, and work hard, since without it we are nothing.

We can plant flowers and other ornamental plants. With acapital of less than Rp 5,000 we already have a plant togetherwith its pot. If we rent it to an office or to a festive we can col-lect Rp 10,000. Some pots we may resell at profit. In short thereis some revenue that may add to family income. In the endmany housewives are attracted to join the movement.

How do you maintain the momentum?We have to continuously do community approach, implant

better knowledge and build empowerment. We hold a monthlyrevolving program on waste (arisan sampah) to tie closer rela-tionship and information sharing among ourselves. Everythingis done in transparent manner, no discrimination between therich and the poor including the scavengers.

It might not be 100 percent successful, but at least we are try-ing our best to make the community care the environment. Aslong as we are healthy we are going to do our best conductingregeneration so that Jakarta and Indonesia will become greenand comfortable to live in. Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW

11PercikJuly 2007

Nina Sidle Unsulangi in front of her tree shaded house atJl. Banjarsari, Cilandak Barat, South Jakarta. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Pursuant to article 40 of Law No.7 of 2004 on WaterResources, the central and regional governments aremandated to take care of the water supply system deve-

lopment. This is intended to guarantee the availability of rawwater for household water supply. To enable the governmenteffectively carry out the responsibility it is necessary to developa regulation as guidance in the water supply provision manage-ment. It is for this purpose the government put into effect a go-vernment regulation No. 16 of 2005 on Water Supply ProvisionSystem (WSPS) for the purpose of provision of water supply tothe public at an acceptable quality and price rate. In addition,the WSPS regulation is also intended to develop a balanced ofthe provider's and the consumers' interest, and to enhanceimpovement in efficiency and service coverage.

The government enacts regulation in consideration of vari-ous related aspects to keep WSPS development on track. Thisregulation reflects that WSPS development is governed by fivedifferent aspects, namely raw water, production unit, distribu-

tion unit, service unit, and treatment facility. For its implemen-tation, the WSPS is divided into two parts namely piping andnon piping networks.

Raw water as an important componentRaw water regulation is basically intended to support water

resources conservation. This is important considering manyareas including Jakarta are beginning to suffer from raw watershortage. Based on this regulation the central and regional go-vernment may arrange an inter-regional cooperation for efficientraw water management. Since the availability of raw water isessential in WSPS development, this regulation makes a strongemphasis on water source conservation. For this purpose theregulation is directed towards an integrated water supply andsanitation, wastewater and solid waste management. It mustalways be born in mind is that sanitation development must beoriented to the demand of the poor and areas vulnerable towater shortage, improvement of community health condition,

REGULATION

12 PercikJuly 2007

WATER SUPPLYPROVISION SYSTEMPursuant to Government Regulation No. 16 of 2005

Photo: Exclusive

fulfillment of minimum standard of serv-ice, and prevention of negative socialimpact.

This government regulation is direct-ed to a WSPS development that goestogether with sanitation developmentthat may at least be implemented in eachphase both in master as well as in imple-mentation plans. For this purpose, theregional government may establish aninter-regional coordination.

The national policy and strategy forWSPS development is formulated andmade effective by the government in con-sideration of the national policy for waterresources and other related sectors. Asfor the master plan which is part of WSPSdevelopment plan, is developed by thegovernment or regional governmentwhereas a master plan involving acrossthe boundary resources is determined bythe provincial government in coordina-tion with the related regions. If itinvolves inter-provicial areas the plan isdetermined by the related Minister incoordination with the involved provinces.

A master plan consists of at least ageneral plan, network plan, developmentplan and activities, service standards andcriteria, raw water allocation plan, inte-gratedness with sanitation, financinghints and investment policy, and institu-tional development plan. Beside the mas-ter plan, WSPS development wouldrequire a detailed feasibility study andtechnical design.

Public WSPS service is provided by autility public company specifically esta-blished for this purpose. If the publicutility fails to improve service then thesupervisor may decide to invite theinvolvement of cooperative, private com-pany, and/or community group in thesaid WSPS management.

Community Involvement in WSPSAs a regulatory instrument it is con-

sidered necessary to establish aDevelopment Support Body (DSB) for

WSPS. DSB-WSPS is a non structuralbody established by and is directlyresponsible to the Minister. Its member-ship consists of representatives from thegovernment, the service provider and thecommunity. In terms of funding forWSPS development including construc-tion, expansion and physical (technical)and non physical system improvementmay come from different sources inclu-ding the central and or regional govern-ment, public company, cooperative, pri-vate corporation, community, and others.

Water tariff charged to the customers(mainly household) represents the serv-ice fee for water supply and wastewater

management by the provider. The tariffis calculated based on fairness and capa-city of payment, taking into considerationthe principles of cost recovery, water useefficiency, transparancy and accountabi-lity, and raw water source conservation.

With a permit from the central orregional government a specifically incor-porated cooperative, a private corpora-tion and/or a community group may actas WSPS provider to serve a particularlocality in which a public utility servicedoes not reach the area. This is done inconsideration on the one hand of theregional government responsibility inWSPS management, and on the other thegovernment obligation to improve thecapacity of the cooperative, and the pri-vate corporation/community group interms of standard setting, guidelines,manual and facilitation, supervision andtraining. This requirement is also goodfor utility company and the regional go-vernment. Afif

REGULATION

13PercikJuly 2007

Piping system of a water treatment installation. Photo: Exclusive

Water tariff charged tothe customers (mainly house-

hold) represents the service feefor water supply and wastewater

management bythe provider.

In the past Indonesia is known as a

nation rich in fresh water. The

expanse of the country is covered

with thick forest which serves as fresh

water container. Rainwater is absorbed

by the forest to be released as water

springs to feed rivers and lakes. Our

ancestors have for centuries created

myths and taboos. This is intended to

conserve forests and protect every water

source. They were aware that someday

fresh water from the forests will dry up

unless the forests are well protected and

wisely managed.

Today, illegal logging, mining, and

land clearing for new settlements are con-

ducted carelessly, this leads to the

decrease of fresh water availability. The

application of hi-tech from the West on

the pretext of modernization has weak-

ened the pivotal joints of local wisdom.

The harmony of human and nature rela-

tionship in terms of forest and water

resources management ceased to be

revered.

The Indonesian community is cur-

rently undergoing a drastic behavioural

change, they do away with the old forest

and water resources management tradi-

tion because it is considered primitive

and against modernization. The commu-

nity is uses water as it pleases, as if water

is always available and never dries. The

community lacks awareness that fresh

water source is quite limited, while the

demand for it continuously increases

along with the population growth. Water

sources are no longer protected against

pollution, quite often they are even co-

vered by various kinds of building. If this

tendency is let to continue without any

preventive measure being undertaken

then Indonesia will suffer from water

scarcity.

Demand for Water and the Role of

Forest

Water is the core substance and civi-

lization of the world. Unfortunately, this

most valuable resource is presently under

a serious threat. Although two thirds of

the earth's surface is covered with water

yet we are now in danger of water scarci-

ty. In all cases the story of water scarcity

is the recital about greed, careless tech-

nology, and sucking water in exceed of

the nature's capacity. Water availability

INS IGHT

14 PercikJuly 2007 14Percik

Juli 2007

COMMUNAL WATERMANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF

KAMPUNG NAGAOleh: Raditya Permana, S.H., M.Hum

of an ecosystem depends on the climate, physiography, vegeta-

tion and geology of a particular location. In all the aspects mo-

dern man has disturbed the earth and destroyed its capacity to

receive, absorb, and contain water. Forest denudation and mi-

ning in forest areas destroy soil capacity to absorb and retain

water. Monoculture crop and sylvian cover makes the ecosystem

dry. Increased consumption of fuel oil causes air pollution and

climatic change becomes the main causes of flood, tsunami, and

recurrent drought. Forest is a natural dam with is absorption and

water retention capacity and releases it slowly into water springs

and rivulets. Forest cutting and monoculture plantation makes

water disappear and disrupts soil capacity to conserve water.

Before the Green Revolution, ground water can be obtained

through traditional conservation irrigation technology.

However, the renewable human and animal driven technologies

are considered inefficient. These technologies are then substi-

tuted with engine driven and electric pumps to draw water

faster than nature's capacity to replenish ground-

water reserve (Vandana Shiva, 2002:1-3).

The Community of

Kampung Naga

In the midst of

swiftly flowing

modernization cur-

rent, it would be

commendable that

we look back into

the way the com-

munity manages and sustains forest

and water sources traditionally

based on local wisdom. Kampung

Naga is located on the hilly areas between Tasimalaya and

Garut. The area where the villagers build their house is sur-

rounded terraced rice field and forest cover. A portion of the

area is used for pond that serves as reservoir and fish culture.

From the ecological point of view this pattern follows the typical

Sundanese village. In such pattern there are 3 elements each

supporting the other to meet the daily requirement of the com-

munity. These are a house to live in, water source, and garden

including a pond for fish culture. Since the housing forms a clus-

ter within a prearranged location, the land use and spatial plan-

ning is made clear in accordance with the principle of efficiency

while taking into consideration the ecological factors for main-

taining environmental balance.

If we look into it more closely, the land utilization pattern at

Kampung Naga is divided into 3 categories:

1) Sacred area, is restricted area where only certain individ-

uals are allowed to enter. This area is put under the community

supervision because it must be sustained and be kept from being

adulterated from any external influence.

The sacred area consists of a small hill located to the west of

the settlement area. The first part of the hill is covered with

small restricted forest where old trees grow and represents the

burial ground of their ancestors. Beside the restricted forest the

area is also covered with old trees, mostly of hundred years old

is called cover forest. The cover forest grown by a wide variety

of biodiversity species serves as environmental chain that influ-

ences the micro climate, and at the same time as source of liveli-

hood.

2) Clean area, is the com-

munity settlement

area. The buildings of the

area consist of the vil-

lagers dwelling built

based on traditional

Sundanese architecture,

rice barn, mosque and community hall.

3) Dirty area, is the area located in the lower elevation. This

area is located along the river Ciwulan which is also the border-

line of Kampung Naga with other villages. The buildings in dirty

area are basically the complementary buildings, simple and

made of materials taken from the surroundings. They are water

spouts for bathing and washing and other purposes, animal

houses, saung lisung, and fish ponds (Her Suganda, 2006:26-

28).

Water Management System

The ancestors of Kampung Naga community inherited the

traditional water channeling technology from generation to the

next. The younger generation improves the technology he just

learned from his father. In terms of natural resources manage-

ment the system is always related to natural sustainability and

environmental balance. The close linkage and causal inter-rela-

INS IGHT

15PercikJuly 2007

tionship between the macro cosmic (the universe) and micro

cosmic (human being) lies the wisdom of keeping the balance

between human being and the environment (Kusnaka

Adimihardja, 2004:6-7).

Water for Kampung Naga is supplied from two sources

brought in through bamboo pipe conveyance system. Water

directly tapped from is used for drinking and cooking. Some of

the surface water flowing into the rice fields is diverted

through filtering ponds into water tanks for

wudhu (ablution before prayer) and

MCK (bathing, washing and sanita-

tion).

Beside for fish culture a pond

serves as natural septic tank to settle

down human waste. Waste water

from MCK activities drains out into

the pond. The pond is fed with the

same surface water as for the MCK

but without filtering. (Adry Padma

e.a., 2001:16).

Placement of saung lisung (mortar house for pounding rice)

at the edge of fish pond rice bran and human waste from MCK

can directly wash down into the pond as fish feed. Fish is for

human consumption, thus this simple method - one that is not

inferior to the present day technology- makes a recycle process

complete. To maintain its existence, the community always sees

to it that natural resources are used without damaging them.

Through the combination of knowledge and simple technology,

and with care to natural resources, the community exploits

nature wisely and sustainably. This is all

being done under the principle

of maintaining harmony

with the surrounding

e n v i r o n m e n t

(Adry

P a d d m a

ea., 2001:17).

A pond has a mul-

tiple of purposes such

wastewater receiver and it is

also a place for fish cultivation. In a

corner of a pond stands a saung lisung a

hut without wall where two mortars are placed

for pounding rice. Long mortars are used to pound

rice right from the infloresence to produce husked rice. After

that the rice is pound in a smaller mortar using a pestle. To pro-

duce high quality rice sometimes it is pound again to remove the

bran. This bran, locally called bekatul, is made into pellet for fish

(Her Suganda, 2006: 28).

The various restrictions and taboos for anyone to enter the

forest is the main contributor to forest conservation in Kampung

Naga, thus maintaining the water sources. The community obe-

dience and consistency in keeping the ancestor's tradition has

proven that they could stand the grinding wheel of moderniza-

tion.

Kampung Naga's wisdom in forest and water management

deserve commend for imitation and expansion. To the people of

Kampung Naga water is communal property that must be ma-

naged communally, this is intended to make everyone gets a fair

allocation of water. The community realizes that water is vital

for human survival therefore it must be managed and used effec-

tively.

REFERENCES:

- Adry Padma ea., Kampung Naga;Settlement inherited from great-grandparents, Foris, Bandung, 2001.

- Her Suganda, Kampung Naga;Maintaining Tradition, Kiblat, Bandung, 2006.- Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, Blue Gold;

Robbery and Commercialization of Water Resources,Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2005.

- Vandana Shiva, Water Wars;Privatization, Profit and Pollution, Insist Press, Yogyakarta, 2002.

Source of drawings:Andy Padma, ea. Kampung Naga;

Settlement inherited from great-grandparents, Foris,Bandung, 2001, p.16.

INS IGHT

16 PercikJuly 2007

To change the community's habit and viewpoint is neveran easy task. Experience tells us that through a transectwalk on basic sanitation (latrine) indicates that certain

type of latrine is not suitable to the socio-cultural and environ-mental condition of a locality. Various different package modelswere introduced and constructed, many of them only end up tomonuments, left unattended and the community is reluctant touse them. While the Kamal Khar model, one that is calledCommunity Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in which the communi-ty designs and builds its own facility without any external input,though in some areas particularly those with critical water con-dition some adjustments needs also be done. What kind oflatrine is the most suitable and acceptable to a community?

Cases in several villagesMost of the latrine types being developed up to now

absolutely demand water availability, so that in certain areaswhere water is wanting the requirement is difficult to apply. Onthe other hand, if the community is given free hand to developone in accordance with the local environment, they do not haveenough knowledge to build a hygienic model.

In Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) of NTT Province,many of the population live in the hills while water source islocated far downhill. This kind of area is susceptible to diar-rhoea disease. To take water from a distant place, they use 5 litrejerrycans. In one day a family of 5 to 7 consumes around 25litres of water, whereas the normal per capita consumption is 30to 40 litres in one day. Twenty five litres of water is only enoughfor cooking and dishwashing. What about bathing?

They have more or less similar condition in Kabupatens E.Flores, Sikka and Ende. With the application of historical time-line method we can draw the general picture how they get waterand their daily consumption rate. A transect walk to assess thewater supply and sanitation facilities makes it clear that in ge-neral the most sensitive point is their sanitation that remains apoor condition and if we push them to build one the result wouldnot be hygienic.

In a number of villages of Tamburi, East Sumba whereUNICEF once provided latrine development assistance, thefacilities are left unattended while their number shrinks from 20down to 10. While in West as well as Central Java with a tradi-tion of building fish pond they build a latrine on the pond to feedtheir fish. It is equally difficult for them to build a toilet withseptic tank. Even, a pond owner of Kabupaten Banjarnegara, C.Java, is willing to pay for someone to defecate on his latrine builton his pond.

There are various local conditions that must be taken intoconsideration. How a locally adaptable latrine should bedesigned to meet hygiene requirement.

CLTS ModelThis model was initially developed by Kamal Khar through

abstraction of several principles such as relying on communityactive participation, freedom from external subsidy, social soli-darity, and community pride as motivational element. Thismodel is applicable in several areas with amazing results. In ashort while the community is able to build their own latrine,

INS IGHT

17PercikJuly 2007

THE COMMUNITY'S MOSTSUITABLE LATRINE TECHNOLOGY

Oleh: Alma Arief

A CLTS triggered non subsidized latrine built by the community.Photo: Exclusive

willing to change the habit of open defecation, and a vast deve-lopment growth. Within the span of months, villagers have builtlatrines and are free from defecation in the open. This modelhas been successfully developed in Kabupatens of Sambas (W.Kalimantan), Muara Bungo (Jambi), Bogor (W. Java),Pandeglang (Banten), Lombok Barat (NTB) and others. All theregions developing CLTS are practically without water shortageproblem so that any model of whether goose neck, or any otherlatrine model is no problem. The latrine can be used withoutemitting unpleasant odour so that the user feels comfortable.

Ecosan Model for Water Vulnerable AreasThe purely ecosan type of latrines was developed in China

and was later given a warm welcome. In addition to its beingenvironmentally friendly for not polluting and causing adverseeffect to the environment this model is also hygienic. Besides,this model is also successful to change the notion of what used tobe considered as waste.

Ecosan technology is basically divided into several compo-nents, namely separation of urine from faeces each into a sepa-rate container, using urine for farm manure, spreading ash overthe faeces for drying and composting and utilization of faecalcompost for farm manure. The manure both of urine and faecescontains high nitrogen content which is quite useful to plantgrowth. Spreading ash to the faeces makes it free from pathogenmirobes so that it is now safe for application for agricultural pur-poses.

The problem is whether the ecosan model can be replicatedin dry and vulnerable to water shortage areas. Whether the com-munity is willing to change opinion from urine and faeces thatused to be considered as waste into a resource. To change anopinion needs explanation from those who really understand it.

Near Ecosan ModelIn several aspects particularly as they relate to chain process-

es a latrine suspended above fishpond or built in-house butdirectly flushed into fishpond are basically similar to ecosan.The principle is reusing waste material to feed fish culture.What makes it different from ecosan is that in this case there isno preprocessing before the reuse. The ecosan product isobtained from drying and composting into economically valu-able farm manure, while in case of a fishpond suspended latrinethe product is directly fed to the fish.

However, the fishpond suspended or in-house built directlyflushed into fishpond latrine cannot be considered an environ-mentally friendly technology. Disposing directly into a pondleads to surface water of pond, river, lakes etc. polluted withEssecheria coli (e. coli) bacteria, the main cause of diarrhoea.

If after an assessment the communiy is really willing to applyecosan model for areas vulnerable to water scarcity, what weneed to do is to prepare a simple technology design so that thecommunity is capable to develop, operate and maintain.

* WASPOLA Consultant

INS IGHT

18 PercikJuly 2007

A communal WC at Pondok Pesantren (Religious School) Al Falah In Kabupaten Pamekasan. Photo: Oswar Mungkasa

Global warming is not a purely natural phenomenonindependent of human intervention. Since the inven-tion of steam engine in the eighteenth century the

growth of industries using coal and oil fulled engines one cannotdeny that it was the beginning of global warming. Therefore,with respect to global warming, human is the major variable.This can be seen from data published by World Wildlife Fund(WWF) at the end of the twentieth century about the role ofengines. Carbondioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitraoxide(N2O) contribute the major industrial gas emission, at 36 per-cent. These gases are emitted from coal generated power plantsand oil refineries. Then follow transportation sector at 27 per-cent and other industries 21 percent.

Power plant releases twice the amount of energy into theatmosphere relative to what it generates. Coal generated powerplant uses 100, produces 35 and releases 65 units of energy intothe environment. Therefore a 1,000 MW power plant releases5.6 million tonnes of carbondioxide gas into the atmosphere.

In the meantime, a car engine that consumes 7.8 litres per100 km and travels 16 thousand km per year releases 3 tonnes ofcarbondioxide gas into the air. One can imagine Jakarta withmore than 4 millions vehicles, how many tonnes is CO2 gasemission within one year?

Methane and Waste DisposalAlthough carbondioxide is considered the major contributor

to global warming, the most dangerous component is methanegas. Methane is 23 times stronger than carbondioxide. Themain sources of methane are marsh areas, final waste disposal(TPA), natural gas mining field, and burning of biomass. In con-nection with waste, metyhane gas is produced from anaerobicwaste decomposisiton in waste disposal sites.

Waste management in Indonesian cities is operated underthe principle of collect, transport and dispose. Along with popu-lation growth and increased activities, the quantity of waste dis-posed is also increasing. It is estimated that in 2020 waste pileswill grow fivefold from its size today. If in 1995 the averagewaste disposed by urban population is 0.8 kg per capita per day,

in 2000 it increases to 1.0 kg, in 2020 it is estimated to reach 2.1kg per person per day. Under the above principle the final oper-ation in waste management ends with disposal in the TPA. Inthe TPA is dumped in an open pit in disregard of sanitationaspect. As a consequence, the growth of a number of environ-mentally related problems, such as air- and groundwater pollu-tion, breeding ground of contagious diseases, etc.

Today there are somewhere around 450 TPAs which notabene are the sources of methane gas emission. As an example,

INS IGHT

GLOBALWARMING

19PercikJuly 2007

Oleh: Imam M

A chimney of manufacturing plant is one of the major contribu-tors to the global warming phenomenon. Photo: Bowo Leksono

1,000 tonnes of waste containing 56 percent organic matter willproduce 21,000 tonnes of methane gas or equivalent to 486,500tonnes of carbondioxide annually.

RisksIf the approach being applied is "wait and see without doing

anything" it is estimated that by 2100 the atmospheric tempera-ture will increase by 1.5 - 4.5ºC. The other impact will be seenfrom extinction of a number of biodiversity species, increasingthe intensity and frequency thunderstorm, typhoon and floodwater. Polar ice and glaciers will melt faster, more and more fer-tile dry lands turn into desert due to prolonged drought, increas-ing of sea level resulting in increased flood areas, and anincrease of water temperature of the seas.

It is estimated that within the same year the sea level willraise by 15-95 cm. Several of the recent cases related to sea levelare the burial of small islands under water forcing the inhabi-tants to move somewhere else. Two unihabited islands inKiribati on the Pacific namely Tebua Tarawa and Abenuea wereburied underwater in 1999 and evacuation of Tegua island by its

inhabitants are the concrete evidences.In the meantime the increase of sea level will cause rock

whitening and the damage to coral reef around the world threat-ens the sustainability of marine ecosystem. Forest fires will bemore often, expansion of the epidemic of tropical diseases suchas malaria into new areas because of the increase on mosquitopopulation, several regions will become more densely populatedfrom the inflow of refugees.

Future Outlook

Global warming is a problem not only in connection with the

nations with the highest emission contribution, in this case the

United States followed by China, France, England, Germany,

Canada and Japan; it is also the concerns of all nations since the

effect is felt by all citizens of the world. A preventive measure

must be taken to reduce the amount of emission into the atmos-

phere. At least a petition to enhance the reduction of emission

rate to a level below 1990 as declared in Rio de Janeiro meeting

1992 and the Kyoto Protocol.

There are two measures that may be taken. One, through

international political agreement like Rio meeting but one that is

more effective in reducing emission level. And several other

meetings in various different forums, such as with G-8 nations

in Germany June 2007 on global warming. The second measure

is taken, while waiting for the positive result of the internation-

al meetings, is conducting anticipative actions. At least through

a research towards the development of environmentally friendly

renewable fuel for power generation. Solar energy is one of the

environmentally friendly and its usage is being anticipated as

substitute to fossil fuel.

With respect to waste, the Eurpean community can be seen

as example. Since 2005 the European community does not dis-

pose its organic waste directly to TPA. It is pretreated to prevent

large amount of gas emitted to the atmosphere. The treatment

may be conducted by way of incineration, composting and bio-

gas production.

Meanwhile, to bind the atmomospheric carbondioxide it ta-

kes a serious effort to protect forests from illegal logging. Indo-

nesia as the world lung is highly responsible for the critical con-

dition of her forests from continuous denudation day after day.

Gerald Foley in 1993 mentioned that by looking at the

amount of carbondioxide that has reached extreme level in the

atmosphere, the world needs a forest as large as Australian con-

tinent to absorb the carbondioxide. Besides, energy saving habit

must not stay as petition, but it must work in ecological context

supported by high morale as it relates to the survival of all forms

of life in this planet.

Imam M., ecology observer, living in Jakarta

INS IGHT

20 PercikJuly 2007

Methane gas emission from a waste dump is also majorcontributor to the global warming. Photo: Exclusive

The fresh cool morning breeze seems to penetrate deepinto the bone. That morning it was almost 10 AM, yetnot a single drop of water flow comes out from the tap.

No more hope to take a bath and to cook our breakfast if thenight before we fail to save waterfor the morning activities. Thisis the common daily ritual for thehouseholds of Grumbul orPengasinan hamlet, Ciruyungvillage of KecamatanKarangpucung, Cilacap, C. Java.Yet the villagers do not to worrybecause there is always alterna-tive source to meet their demandfor water.

River seems to remain a com-fortable place for the villagers todo their activities. Bathing,washing and defecation. Quiteoften the water is muddy,though. The community isn'taware what a household latrine

is good for. "Well, what can we do, we are used to bathing andwashing in this river. It is more comfortable and less tiringwashing here," said Watinah (56). At that time the water in riverCikuya was muddy from the heavy rain of the night before.

One can understand why thecommunity prefers the riverbecause it really takes a lot ofeffort to draw a pail of water fromthe well, because groundwatertable is relatively deep here.

This morning, with musicbackground of cocks crowing andbirds singing, scores of villagers,children and adults together, wereforming groups along the bank ofriver Cikuya, in disregard if theupstream people were defecating,they kept themselves busy withtheir bathing and washing rituals.

Suryati (14) has been theresince 5.30 AM with a pile of dirtyclothes to wash. "Each morning I

WATER IN CIRUYUNG

21PercikJuly 2007

REPORTAGE

One of water reservoirs of the village of Ciruyung,Kecamatan Karangpucung, Kabupaten Cilacap, C. Java.

Photo: Bowo Leksono

wash the family clothing before going to school," says the villagegirl. After finishing the washing, Suryati takes a bath by dippingherself in the water. Scores of the village women do the sameeach morning. They don't care if water colour is yellowish oreven brownish indicating impurity. They always feel comfort-able with their routine that has been practised for generations.

Community WellThe portrait of a marginal community such as this is not

solely an urban phenomenon. In a village on the mountain slopea similar view can also be seen. The hamlet of Pengasinan, for

instance, with a population of more than 1.000 from 60 or sofamilies, community wells were sunk some five years ago. "Thewells were built for the community to use. But many are notinterested because they are more comfortable with bathing andwashing in the river," says Kamyo (28), a youth leader who hasto admit that the community is not sufficiently educated on theimportance of clean water for health.

Except by a few of the population the wells that are locatedin the centre of the housing area are not effectively used and notproperly maintained. The buildings look old and clumsy. Interms of community education, according to Kamyo, extensionactivity has ever been done to the community by the regionalgovernment or any other party. "Help of any kind almost total-ly denies us. This water supply system came into being from thecommunity's own initiative," says the energetic youth.

Clean Water TankThe hamlet of Pengasinan is the most remotely located part

of Ciruyung village. To reach it one must walk a steep and wind-ing trail of hilly terrain. Up and downhill sometimes acrosswooded areas interspersed with rice fields to reflect the source oflivelihood of the local population. To access clean water for dailyconsumption the community of Pengasinan built 2 water tanks.The water is tapped from a spring in a hill near Kahuripan usingeasily breakable PVC pipe. Suparno, a community leader fromPengasinan who is also a member of Ciruyung developmentcommittee said that the water tanks were built by the communi-ty from their own resources. "Frankly speaking the tanks cannotbe used at full capacity. Only around half of the capacity. Waterdoes not always run smoothly," he said.

Suparno says the reason for the retarded flow is not only dueto the demand level of the local population but also because ofinadequacy of the facility. Everything has been made availablefrom whatever the community can do," he said.

Small PVC connection pipes are running like intermesh inyards and gardens. Some are leaking and not immediately takencare of. The community seems at ease with the situationalthough they know for sure that the pipes are of low quality andnot worthy of use. It needs a big investment to build a reallyworthy water supply network.

According to Suparno the community made a communalactivity to repair damages at the upper region. "For repair andmaintenance purpose each family contributes Rp 1000 amonth."

Pengasinan community is out of service during the days ofmajor damage to the network. Breakdown generally occurs aftera landslide that washes away the main pipeline. ActuallyCiruyung is not a place with water scarcity. Their problem lieswith management capacity and the limited availability of properequipment and materials, all of this leads access to water belowthe sufficient level. Bowo Leksono

REPORTAGE

22 PercikJuly 2007

Leakage in conveyance hose is a common sight on the roads ofCiruyung, yet the community does not seem to care.

Photo: Bowo Leksono

Last February and the same monthfive years ago Jakarta and its sur-roundings suffered a loss worths

Rp 187.7 trillion and a death toll of 159.This was caused by a yearly recurrent di-saster that hits these areas: flood. Thelingering problem of East Drainage Canal(EDC) development becomes the maintopic when the attempt to find solution toflood problem is being discussed. Thedelay of EDC development due to pro-

longed land acquisition problem isblamed for the cause of the flood. Yet analternative solution through river retrain-ing is equally sluggish because it touchesthe interest of the community living alongthe river banks. The flood of Jakarta isinseparable from the practice of dumpingwastes into the river. Dumping of wastesinto the river decreases water quality. Itis aggravated with the magnitude ofdomestic wastewater being drained into

the river. Whereas in fact the river is thesource of raw water for Jakarta watersupply system. Thus raw water is beco-ming scarcer day after day for Jakarta cit-izens.

Jakarta is not a city with good sanita-tion management system. Only 3 percentof total Jakarta area is provided with cen-tralized (off site) sewerage system, i.e theone located in Setiabudi area.

Taking the above condition as point ofdeparture PAM DKI Regulatory Body inits capacity as the party responsible forwater supply provision put forward a pro-posal for MPDT system development.MPDT is a system of long and large dia-meter underground tunnels. Its develop-ment is considered as an effective andsustainable solution to Jakarta waterresources management problems becauseit can simultaneously serve as flood con-trol, waste water management, raw waterscarcity, improvement of river water, andunderground water conservation.Moreover, MPDT does not meet any hin-drance from land acquisition and pro-curement problem because the MPDTconstruction is almost entirely locatedunderground and the constructionprocess does not disturb land traffic andcommunity life in general.

MPDT application starts from divi-sion of Jakarta area into West, Centre andEast. The construction is to be conductedin phases according to the urgency ofproblem being faced. The Centre area isproposed as the priority and pilot projectfor river Ciliwung peak flood control.This Central MPDT will be placed under-ground along river Ciliwung and WestDrainage Canal beginning from Jl.Haryono MT as 22 km long 12 m diame-ter tunnel.

MPDT is a big hi-tech project that isestimated to cost Rp 16,3 trilliun to com-plete. But 70 percent of the budget isexpected to come from private sector par-ticipation through a public-private sectorpartnership arrangement.

In support of the above intentions theMPDT is designed to include revenuecomponents to attract investment in tollroad, sewerage system including water

TELESCOPE

23PercikJuly 2007

MULTI PURPOSEDEEP TUNNELA Step into Multiple Objectives: Drainage,Water Supply, and Wastewater Management

reclamation plant and utility shaft for gaspipe, drinking water, PLN cable, fibreoptic and Telcom. Therefore the upperpart of the design consists of utility pipes.The middle section is an undergrounddouble decked motorway as mass rapidtransit system. The lowest part consistsof rainfall overflow tunnel and a seweragetunnel system.

MPDT consists of several componentsin accordance to its functions. One ofthem is a 4-18 m diameter deep tunnelbuilt 20 to 75 m below ground. The deeptunnel consists of vertical shaft thatbrings water from the main river and se-veral other inundation potential areasduring heavy downpour and horizontaltunnel that carries spillover water toge-ther with the city sewerage system fromthe combined sewer overflow (CSO) intotreatment/reclamation facility.

During heavy rainfall that causesfloodwater the entire MPDT (except se-werage and the utility tunnels) will befilled with water from the main river(Ciliwung in case of Central MPDT) andseveral other inundation potential areasduring local rain. The overflow will be

directed northwards along the MPDTtunnel and eventually to the sea through asea outfall by gravitational flow or pump-ing system. This operation will last foronly a few days in a year during flood sea-son.

The discharge that enters MPDT is thepeak flood discharge of river Ciliwungminus a preintake at the initial point ofthe MPDT system. The preintake systemserves as retention basin/pond for sepa-ration of solid materials such as sand,rock, gravel, solid waste and other mate-rials carried by the flow. In other words,an O&M function of the overall MPDTsystem.

MPDT is also equipped with FloodForecasting and Early Warning Systemlocated at Jl. MT Haryono though SCADAbased on real time to detect more accu-rately the arrival and magnitude of flood.This is monitored with rain gauges placedin various points in the Ciliwung water-shed plus the services of Weather Radar.The next component is an undergroundwater reservoir to keep raw water reservefrom overflow of inundation as a result ofhigh rainfall rate or accumulation of

heavy rainfall plus daily city wastewater.A wastewater treatment facility is alsopart of MPDT that serves to reclaimwastewater and rainwater overflow. Theresult of the treatment is used as addi-tional raw water for PDAM, flush waterfor city drainage system, irrigation waterfor city parks, and to be released back intothe river to improve the quality of thewater body.

Another MPDT component is MudTreatment Facility, deals with mud sedi-ment in the reservoir and that from recla-mation and raw water treatment usingthe anaerobic biological process. Theproduct of the treatment is organicmanure for agricultural purposes. Thetreament process will produce methane(CH4) gas that may be used to supportenergy diversification program.

Although the explanation abovereflects as if MPDT is a sophisticated andcomplete technology, yet it will remain acomplementary to the overall aspect offlood control system that calls for the cen-tral and related regional governments'commitment to the water resources ma-nagement of Jakarta. Afif Nu'man

TELESCOPE

24 PercikJuly 2007

Indonesia, particularly Jakarta is not the only nation to putMPDT (Multi Purpose Deep tunnel) technology into appli-cation, other countries such as Malaysia in Southeast Asia

has preceeded in applying the technology. The MPDT to beapplied here takes a lesson from the neighbour in which thetechnology is known as SMART.

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel or SMART is abig drainage cum road tunnel is built in Kuala Lumpur. SMARTis a big project in Malaysia and is the longest tunnel in SE Asiaand second longest in Asia. The purpose of the tunnel is to copewith flood problem and at the same time to reduce traffic jamduring busy hours.

The project is motorised by the government includingMalaysian Highway Authority, and Department of Irrigationand Drainage Malaysia, together with partner companiesGamuda Berhad and Malaysian Mining Corporation Berhad(MMC). In terms of design SMART consists of two main com-ponents i.e. drainage tunnel as flood (stormwater) managementand a tunnel for motor vehicle. The stormwater part consists ofa 9.7 km long and 13.2 m diameter tunnel. The tunnel is con-

structed using Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Slurry Shieldtype. The construction cost 1,887 Malaysian ringgits or 514.6million US dollars.

As for the motor vehicle part, SMART consists of a doubledecked 4 lane 4 km long motorway. The tunnel is desiged forlight vehicle type. Motorcycle and heavy trucks are not prohi-bited here. The construction works started in 2003 completed in2007. The tunnel is officially open to the public on 14 May 2007.

How is the Tunnel Operated?There are three scenarios how SMART is operated. The first

is at normal time when there is no heavy rainfall that may causeflood. In this case, water is not drained through the tunnel. Thesecond scenario is SMART operation during heavy rainfall abovenormal level. Stormwater is drained through the lower part ofthe tunnel. In this situation the vehicle lanes are functioning asusual. The third scenario is when the vehicle lanes are closedentirely. This is because stormwater has reached a level that thewhole system is used for drainage tunnel. The vehicle tunnelwill resume its function 48 hours after the closing. OM

TELESCOPE

Stormwater Managementand Road Tunnel (SMART)A flood control scenario from Malaysia

25PercikJuly 2007

In a garden full of flower plants a group of youngsters are

having fun. "One minute please, brother, I'll do some

taking first," says one girl teenager to Percik. She has-

tened her pace and joined the group for some TVF (TV film)

picture taking entitled Love Bodyguard to be broadcast by a

TV station.

After some time there was a signal from the assistant

director: "Cut. OK let's take a break," indicating the comple-

tion of the present picture taking. "Where would you like to

sit for this conversation, brother," greeted our young hostess.

Tasya is the name of the girl. She whom we used to know

as the little singer a few years ago is now coming into adoles-

cence. Perhaps for many adolescents of her age the conver-

sation that was taking place at Cibubur Flower Garden is not

interesting. But to an artist whose complete name is Syafa

Tasya Kamil, a discussion about waste materal is quite a

pleasant topic. It has been years since Tasya become

interested in environmental issues. No wonder that the

Al Izhar Jakarta Junior High School student is named

the "Junior Environment Ambassadress" by the Mi-

nistry of Environment since 2006. "My major task

is to call the attention of the community to care the

environment,"says the presenter of Pildacil (Ju-

nior Da'i Contest) program in a TV station.

According to Tasya, a mere call for atten-

tion or an extension activity will not make

the community immediately care and lo-

ve the environment. "It takes an effort

from within oneself and this process must start right now," says

the cute singer who was born in Jakarta on 22 November 1992.

A presenter, artist, and at the same time a movie actress

will not dispose waste at any place, because according to

Tasya before we move into the community we have to start

from within the family, then to RT, RW, school, and so on.

Frequently among us at school, my friends would not dispose

waste in any place with my presence,' says the singer of song

called Libur Telah Tiba (Holiday Has Come) once quite fami-

liar among schoolchildren.

Since her appointment as Environmetal Ambassadress

Tasya takes a frequent visit to various places, mostly in

Jakarta, to call the community's attention to its environment.

When Jakarta was hit by flood recently, Tasya took a pleasure

with the visit. Visiting the low income communities who were

then suffering from the disaster.

OUR GUEST

26 PercikJuly 2007

"Waste maybecome our

friend"Photo:

Bowo Leksono.

The Final Task on Waste

The pull toward environmental hygiene has made Tasya

wrote her final task from school on waste. In the beginning the

teenager who has won AMI and several other awards did not

have sufficient knowledge about waste.

"It turns out that waste can be sorted. This is the way to

resolve waste problem right from the household level because

when it has reached the TPA (final disposal site) all the waste is

dumped to form a hill," says the young artist whose final task

reads "Cultivation of Waste Management within the Community

of Jakarta." The artist whose daily life is filled with singing les-

son and presenter additionally mentions that we have sort

wastes into three categories: organic waste consisting of plant

materials, dry waste consisting of paper and plastic, and danger-

ous materials such as metal and other dangerous compound.

Tasya considers that dumping waste arbitrarily still remains

our custom. Let alone sorting waste, disposing it into a proper

container is still rarely done." The evidence that the community

especially of Jakarta, is indifferent upon the danger caused by

waste is proven from the result of an enquette that Tasya distri-

buted to 50 citizens of Jakarta. It turns out there are less than

50 percent of the citizens who sort out waste in their home.

To most of them, continued Tasya, failure to sort their waste

is not because they are lazy but more because of lack of know-

ledge and not being used to the practice. "The community is still

difficult to handle. They are not used to think of the short term

let alone the long term danger caused by waste," she said.

Waste is something that is so close around us. Everyday

everyone definitely produces waste. If it is not properly handled,

waste will become the community's enemy, causing flood

and various diseases. According to Tasya, waste can be useful

and become our friend. The way to do it, according to the singer

who wants to be an architect, is recycling following a separation.

"Waste can be processed into compost or can be reused to pro-

duce handicraft," says the fried rice and fried potato hobbyist.

In Jakarta it is still uncommon for the community to recycle

waste materials. The only successful one is in Kelurahan (vil-

lage) Banjarsari, S. Jakarta.

As to why the community is alien to waste handling, accord-

ing to Tasya, is because the government hasn't paid serious

attention to it. "There is yet no specific law on waste and the

consequences of its violation."

Tasya does not only call the attention of the community to

handle its waste, but also to the government. "If the communi-

ty is unable to handle the waste on its own, it becomes the

responsibility of the government to help it."

Tasya's final task is seldom given to students of her age,

it is not only to be presented before her own teachers and

classmates, but also for presentation before Mr. Emil

together with representatives of several organizations,

foundations, and environmentally related NGOs. "The

presentation before the teachers and classmates, it was

quite fun and exhilarating, the atmosphere is infor-

mal. But before Mr. Emil, my heart was pounding,"

says the youth who played in Nyanyian Burung

(Bird Song) a cinema electronics (sinetron) that

won Golden Cairo for TV Programmes.

But Tasya was able to manage herself and

passed the presentation satisfactorily. She

did not feel difficult in doing that because it

was more on the matter of sharing aspect.

As a Junior Waste Ambassadress do

you always dispose waste properly.

"Yes, God willing". But why. "But

sometimes man is apt to be for-

getful," said Tasya at the end of

the conversation.

Bowo Leksono

27PercikJuly 2007

There is a considerable number ofIndonesians who live in peatyareas. In Kalimantan and

Sumatra for example. Occupying theareas around Banjarmasin in Kalimantanand Palembang in S. Sumatra. The com-munity of such an area depends on peatas source of water. All source of watercontains peat materials. Clean water at areasonable quality is difficult to obtain.Though in fact prolonged peat water con-sumption causes tooth decay.

To supply fresh water to peaty areas afilter is designed which is namedShirvaqua. In spite the process has beenongoing for two years now, yet therearen't many who know of its existenceeven to those in the peat community."We haven't promoted this equipment.

There are only 20 units now available.We are trying to invite investors, inclu-ding the government to manufacturemore this equipment," says Ivan Jacob R,

Director of PT. Shiva Rayawhen hedemonstrate the performance of thisequipment in Jakarta.

Shirvaqua is made of durable fibre-glass specially designed to withstandpressure, non corrosive and not easilybreakable. "This is a low cost equipment,both in construction and in its mainte-nance," says Irvan.

Since this is designed for lower mid-dle class, this equipment is manuallyoperated. Using no chemical, and rela-tively durable. As it is with conventionalwater filter, this equipment also uses fil-ter media consisting of marine sand andnatural rock. Sand is effective in remo-ving iron content, brick and active carbonto remove colour, and zeolit or alum.

This equipment consists of 6 parts,each is filled with sand, carbon, and alum.Peaty raw water is filled into the filterfrom a big pail with a small hose. A tap atthe bottom of the filter serves as an outletfrom which the filtered water is pro-duced. A float is fixed to serve as waterlevel indicator in the pail.

From a trial test this equipment canproduce 90 litres of clean water in anhour. Water replenishment in the big pailis made every 45 minutes. "All this calcu-lation depends on the quality of rawwater. The more turbid the water thelonger it takes," says Irvan. This equip-ment is specially made for peat water, notfor any other type of water, such as marshor brackish water. The last two cannot betreated with this equipment.

If after a laboratory examination byDept. Health the water produced fromthe equipment meets the requirement forclean water, it will be further tested toother areas with similar raw water condi-tion. The result?

"The community is very happybecause they are always in demand forclean water'" says Irvan. He guaranteesthat water processed by Shirvaqua isclean though it must be boiled first beforeconsumption, because the equipmentdoes not produce potable water. BW

INNOVATION

28 PercikJuly 2007

SHIRVAQUAPeat water treatment

Irvan Jacob R, Director of PT Shirva Raya, and inventor of peat water treatment system.Photo: Bowo Leksono

Since 2002 Plan all over the worldhas been applying the so-calledChild Centred Community

Development (CCCD) program approach.The approach is developed based onrights. In this approach, child, family,and community play an active role indevelopment process. This approach alsoattempts to improve the capacity andopportunity of children, family and com-munity to work together with other par-ties in overcoming structural causes andconsequences of poverty to children of alllevels.

CCCD approach is intended to dealwith more than just the poverty symp-toms, it rather goes deeper into its rootcauses. For instance, CCCD does notimmediately provide a building in case aschool building is really needed, but tofind out first the answer to a question"why is there no school?" The questionwill automatically demand that children,families and the community and the com-munity organization find an answer forthe sake of sustainability of the educationprogram.

The CCCD approach is designed tohelp children and their families, the com-munity and Plan partner and Plan per-sonnel stimulate children, families, com-munity and community organization topromote their rights; establishment ofconducive environment for boys and girlsto participate and express their ideas andconcern, and for the adults to worktogether with children, and not work for

the children rather to work together infinding the answer to the basic reasons topoverty of children.

How CCCD Approach WorksPlan starts this approach with what is

called participation. At this stage chil-dren and the families are persuaded to getactively involved in decision making and

identification of problems dominatingthem. This is done through group discus-sion fora in which all ideas and opinionsraised by the participants are heard andconsidered. This in itself is a challengefor the community to be willing to listento the voices from marginalized and dis-criminated groups due to age, gender,disability or certain social group.

AROUND PLAN

CHILD CENTREDCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT (CCCD)

29PercikJuly 2007

One of children facilitation activities for their village development plan. Photo: Plan Indonesia

Child participation in this case in thechild's right. It may be that to the chil-dren, taking part in a discusson and rais-ing an opinion therein is their first expe-rience but this experience will hopefullychange the pattern of adults - childrenrelationship, trust and discrimitativepractices especially to girls and childrenof minority group.

In the following stage after the esta-blishment of overall of participation with-in the community, it becomes necessaryto form child and adult groups or organi-zations to deal with specific issues such aswater scarcity, lack of educational facility,etc. With the establishment of thesegroups or organizations there will be asharing or deepening of local issuesthrough the existing resources. They willbe able to identify the demand to improvetheir capacity for common problem sol-ving.

Besides, with the existence of thegroups or organizations the communityfeels that it belongs to the issues andproblems and is stimulated to improve itsknowledge and skill to resolve the pro-blems. Children groups are also importantbecause they could share their knowledgespecific to and the demand felt by, chil-dren. As an example, in the case of posttsunami barracks construction in Aceh,the children expressed their opinion toadd a partition to maintain privacyamong the inhabitants. Or in schoolbuilding construction, the children raisethe need for separate toilets for girls' fromboys' and the need for a parking lot. Thisexperience becomes important in raisingchildren into active and responsible citi-zens.

In problem identification, it oftenhappens that the community is incapableof doing much due to limited internalcapacity. In this case it is necessary tobuild partnership with other organiza-tion, be it government, NGO or privatesector. The external partner in this casemay provide help in support or comple-ment necessary for problem solving.Besides, the partnership makes it possi-ble for replicating successful program in acertain area into another so that there will

be more community members enjoy thebenefit of a program. Partnership withother organization is also necessary for acommon action, advocacy and develop-ment education in order to influence thegovernment and international institu-tions on poverty problems in children andchildren welfare.

Why CCCD is considered child cen-tred? Because the programs or projectsimplemented are centred in children andhonour children as subject/right holderand answer both poverty elements in chil-dren and access to basic services and howadults treat children.

AROUND PLAN

30PercikJuly 2007

CCCD process cycle

It is now almost halfway into thedeadline of MDGs achievement in 2015yet our sanitation development is still lag-ging way behind the desired level, it'seven indicating a declining tendency.Based on a report entitled A FutureWithin Reach and MDGs Asia Pacific2006 Report published by UNDP,Indonesia is placed in the category ofcountries whose effort towards achievingMDGs targets is declining. Indonesia is

placed in the lowest category togetherwith Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar,Laos, Papua New Guinea, and thePhilippines. It becomes quite clear thatthe challenge faced by Indonesia toachieve seven of the ten targets i.e. reduc-ing down to half, by 2015, the proportionof population without access to watersupply and basic sanitation is an extreme-ly difficult task. Based on MDGs ProgressReport up to 2004 the population of

Indonesia with access to basic sanitationis 67.1 percent. The figure seeminglymakes us happy, but in reality 76.2 per-cent of 52 rivers on Java, Sumatra, Baliand Sulawesi are heavily polluted withorganic compounds. The majority ofrivers flowing in densely populated citiessuch as those of Java tend to containmore coliform and faecal coli bacteria.

The presence of faecal coli bacteriaindicates pollution from human waste onrivers. Domestic wastewater is also themajor contributor to the degradation ofwater quality in DKI Jakarta. Totalwastewater dumped into the rivers ofJakarta is 1,316,113 million m3, threequarters of which comes from domesticsources. One can imagine the magnitudeof basic sanitation requirement unless acounter measure is taken to prevent thedomestic wastewater pollution.

Another consequence is diarrhoeaplaces second for the causes of infantmortality in Indonesia, i.e. 46 per 1.000childbirths and third for baby mortality,i.e. 32 per 1.000 childbirths. Besides,based on study conducted by IndonesiaSanitation Development Program(ISSDP) the poor raw water qualitycaused by poor sanitation has causedPDAM customer pay his water bill 25 per-cent higher.

In parts of a city mostly inhabited bythe urban poor, raw water source hasbeen heavily polluted that makes the poorpays 5-10 percent more money to buywater. The price paid by the poor obvi-ously is higher than the price paid bythose who live in elite part of even therich nation (Report of Humen Resources

AROUND ISSDP

In anticipation of "Sanitation Conference Indonesia 2007"

Major Challenge in SanitationDevelopment: Stakeholders'Commitment to a Common Agreement

31PercikJuly 2007

Nugroho Tri Utomo, Head of Subdirectorate of Drinking Water and Wastewater, Bappenas in adiscussion Socialization of the Plan for National Sanitation Conference 2007 in the Indowater

Expo 2007. Photo: ISSDP Secretariate

Development, UNDP). In connection with the above, the stakeholders must begin to

initiate a common effort to accelerate sanitation sector develop-ment. The effort may start through a forum that unite all thestakeholders and design the necessary steps to overcome theproblems and challenges in sanitation development.

Aware of the abovementioned reality, the governmenttogether with the involved stakeholders take an initiative to holdNational Sanitation Conference in August 2007. It is expectedthat this conference will the increase of sector profile. As topicof discussion, today in Indonesia, both at public level as well asamong the majority of decision makers, sanitation is placed inthe lowest priority. Political, economic, and entertainment placethe highest order of interresting issues. Therefore, this plannedconference must be so organized in order to attract as muchpublic attention as possible and must of course be directed to areal follow up so that sanitation issue will remain in the publicattention. Identification and formulation of the necessary andimmediately implementable action plans for improvement ofthe sanitation condition. The presently poor sanitation condi-tion in Indonesia is the cumulative effect of our negligence in thepast. This condition is like a string of time bombs that mayexplode simultaneously any time in many parts of this country.To prevent such a horrible disaster it is neccessary to take firm,well thought of, planned and measureable real steps for imme-diate action.

As stakeholders' forum for sharing of information and expe-

rience. The obscure coordination makes each of the many sani-tation development programs follows its own path. More oftenthan not valuable findings by one particular program or pro-gram management stands alone by itself unknown to otherstakeholders. Whereas in fact the findings may be the key to thesuccess of the overall sanitation program or activity being imple-mented.

Establishment of integrated commitment among stakehold-ers in sanitation development. Lack of the stakeholders' com-mitment is probably because of the absence of common agree-ment among themselves. All this time the differences may onlyin terms of who is doing what activity, whereas each of themaims at the same objective, i.e sanitation development for wel-fare of all. This similarity should be translated into a integralcommitment among stakeholders.

All the strong arguments about the importance of sanitationdevelopment will be of no use unless a political commitment isdeveloped to compel decision makers to translate them intoimplementation.

The planned conference will carry a big theme, "Mobilizationof Resources to Improve Sanitation Development". This bigtheme is selected because of the frequent budget insufficiencyand human resources deficiency as the reasons for poor sanita-tion development. The conference will involve various stake-holders related to sanitation from the government, university,donor institutions, private sector, mass media, and delegatesfrom neighbouring countries. ISSDP Secretariate

AROUND ISSDP

32 PercikJuly 2007

An example of poorly attended MCK due to short of O&M budget. Photo: Exclusive

Whether you are aware of it or not, the problem in con-nection with water supply and sanitation is being feltby the communities all over the country. This calls

for serious attention especially from regional level policy mak-ers. Several problems were revealed during the Workshop forWSS Communication Strategy Formulation of KabupatenKebumen, held at Hotel Candisari Kebumen from 13-24 June2007. The workshop that was organized by WSS-WG ofKabupaten Kebumen was attented by representatives fromBappeda, Public Works, Regional Development, Health, Head ofSubdistrict, Heads of Village, village councils, and mediaactivists. They all spoke freely about WSS sector problems andissues and the communication challenges.

In his welcome speech, Suroso, the Regional Secretary dis-closed that within two years, Kebumen has lost 6 potent watersprings, from 36 in 2006 to 22 in 2007. This matter was betterclarified by Arief Irwanto, Bappeda Chairman who stated thatthe death of water springs is followed by degradation of surfacewater from pollution of domestic and industrial wastes. "Theextinction of the springs is becoming our focus of attention," herevealed further.

This fact often misses the attention of policy makers. This isbecause the information does not reach the intended party andis unknown to the general public, the community is unaware ofthe problem, and policy makers are not sufficiently informedabout what is really going on.

The Importance of Communication StrategyDrought problem, degradation of water quality, malfunc-

tioning of WSS facility and various other problems happening atan increasing rate are poorly dealt with because of poor inter-stakeholder communication in addition to technical, legal andfunding problems. Reluctance to communicate then leads togrowth of new WSS management problems.

Weakness in inter-community communication interaction inone hand and the decision makers in the other generates frustra-tion within the community. Sometimes the community demandfor WSS services is given a half hearted response. The stake-holders must be identified so that the aspiration may be for-warded to the right individual. In order to obtain support fromthe legislative, WSS information must be wrapped and present-ed in clear and consistent manner.

It was also revealed that one of the legislative members ishighly interested in the WSS issue. I now feel that I fall in lovewith WSS, I will fight to have the budget increased," said DianLestari, member of Kab. Kebumen DPRD.

Kabupaten WSS-WG Plan and WASPOLA SupportIf we want WSS a development priority, several related prob-

lems must be thoroughly dealt with. In this connection WASPO-LA has facilitated a woskshop intended to develop the basicunderstanding of communication strategy application, exploringthe demand and identification of stakeholders' perception, atti-tude and behaviour, and formulation of communication strategyimplementation.

In addition to the subject matters related to basic communi-cation the presentation includes media handling, mapping ofstrategic groups, communication management and programdesign. In this workshop it can be seen, at least, an improve-ment of understanding on the importance of communicationstrategy to influence the general community has beginning totake place. It is obvious from the action plan developed by eachkecamatan group. Publication of the news about drought in vil-lages, arrangement of meeting with the legislative body, deve-lopment of local community's theatre as communicaton media,and so on. Dormaringan HS

AROUND WASPOLA

33PercikJuly 2007

STRENGTHENING OFCOMMUNICATION STRATEGY in Kabupaten Kebumen

Workshop participants in a role playing session. Photo: Dorman

It was Gaylord Nelson, US senator who on 22 April 1970proclaimed the Earth Day as the manifestation of his con-cern of the increasingly befouled and polluted earth as a

result of human activity. This idea then gained serious respons-es so that in UN conference on environment held in Stocholm on5 July 1972 it was resolved to name the date the WorldEnvironment Day. Indonesia took part in the conference andnamed Prof. Emil Salim then Chairman of Bappenas asIndonesian delegate. The purpose of environment day com-memoration is to deepen public awareness in environmentalconservation and improvement and refrain from conducting anyactivity that causes negative effects to the environment.

Commemoration of Environment Day 2007 inIndonesia

Natural disasters that seem endlessly hit Indonesia demandsour concience on the importance of environmental conservation.Therefore, the Commemoration of World Environment Day2007 carries a theme "Climate is Changing, Beware of NaturalDisaster!"

On the 5th of June at the State Palace, the commemorationwas led by President SBY. The President emphasizes thatas an insular nation, the global warming may submergemany small islands of Indonesia. Further the Presidentasks Indonesian people together with the world communi-ties to save the world from environmental degradation.Just like the previous commemorations to the environmen-tal heroes the President awarded Kalpataru and Adipuraawards.The State Ministry of Environment staged IndonesiaEnvironment Week 2007. Several activities were per-formed including an exhibition at Jakarta ConventionCentre and several contests such waste reuse contest, envi-ronment painting, poster painting, and environmentaldetective at the animal sanctuary of Muara Angke, Jakarta.While in the Office of KLH (Ministry of Environment) hun-dreds of school boys and girls were competing in websitedesign, poster, animation, graphics, computer program-ming, vido clip design, and article writing on enviroment,all wrapped in a student creativity contest. In rememberance of World Environment Day the commu-nity of West Bali held a ritual for sea cleaning. The activitywas conducted in complement the beach and sea coralcleaning, particularly from thorny crown (Acanthasterplancii).

Environmental activists in several regions plead that go-vernment take concrete steps to save the environment.Such as in Pontianak, W. Kalimantan, they strongly ask thegovernment to do away with activities that exploit the envi-ronment.With support from WWF, Global Warming Alliance (GloWAlliance) and Greenpeace the Environmental EngineeringStudent Association of Trisakti University conducted the"6th Trisakti Environmental Fair 2007". This event wasmade more lively with a series of activities like ISO 14001education and training, environmental exhibition, pho-tography contest, emission test, and other creative acti-vities. BW

AROUND WSS

34PercikJuly 2007

"Climate is Changing. Beware of Natural Disaster!"

World Environment Day 2007

Landslide may occur anytime due to lack of root support.Photo: Bowo Leksono

More than 4 billions years ago, the earth we live in cameinto being. The earth planet was created from a mix-ture of gases and hot plasm that gradually cooled

down until finally it becomes habitable. Various living creatureslive in it, including human being.

Human is the only being with intellectual and capable ofbuilding civilization. Therefore, the earth's fate depends onman's willingness and free will.

How can man survive and maintain his existence? It alldepends on his capability in maintaining his living place. If theEarth is destroyed one can be sure that it is the end of humancivilization together with all life on the earth's surface.

Just like human being earth is getting older as years gone by.While for several centuries man tends to exploits the planet. Not

maintain let alone conserve it.In the last two years global warming issue comes back to sur-

face. It is marked with the melting of polar ice caps. This is oneor the reasons for the outbreak of several diseases such tubercu-losis and avian flu.

According to scientists, 40 percent of polar ice cover hasmelted during the last 40 years. It is estimated that within 50 to70 years the land currently inhabited by human being will sub-merge under water. The process will be accelerated by theinhabitants' indifference. This is no more individual issue andany single nation. The fate of the earth is the responsibility of allits inhabitants.

What is earth birthday is good for? For what purpose is thathuman being remember that 22 April is the Earth Day? It isclear that it is not a mere ceremony that is needed for the con-tinuation of human life. It is the real action out of human aware-ness of the place they live in and continue his generation.

Therefore, it is quite appropriate that on an Earth Dayhuman being should contemplate the historic path the earth hastravelled and what fate this planet in which human being live.The commemoration of Earth Day as a historic momentum isintended to make human being remember that we have only oneplanet to live in.

Apart form the earth's history nothing will mean anything.The most important is how man can maintain and take immedi-aste action to safeguard the earh from destruction. And makeeveryday an Earth Day to refresh our memory and awareness forthe future generation.

The earth is already very old. Even human being can predictits destroyal. Will the destruction of this planet becomes fasterbecause of our own action?

The history of Earth Day"I feel deeply concerned with the fact that environmental

issue is no issue in American political constellation. The peoplefeel concerned, the politicians do not." That was part of state-ment made by Gaylord Nelson, US senator in his speech hedelivered in Seattle, United States of America. At that time heproposed an enactment of the so-called national “teach in”, anadditional lecture discussing the current controversial themes,especially environment. Nelson's idea gained an extraordinaryresponse from the civil society. This was the embryo that gavebirth to Earth Day. Exactly one year later on 22 April 1970 mil-lions of people went into the roads on a demonstration that filledFifth Avenue, New York with people. No less than 1.500 univer-sities and 10 thousand schools took part in the demonstrationthat took place in New York, Washington and San Francisco.

Time magazine wrote that somewhere around 20 millionpeople went into the roads during that day, together declaringEarth Day and pleaded for commencing a "green revolution".The Earth Day Commemoration that was held for the first timein 1970 was considered as the summit of the glory of the envi-ronmental movement of 1960s.

AROUND WSS

35PercikJuly 2007

EARTH DAYREFLECTION

Natural balance is indispensable. Human being plays major role init. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Earth Day movement that was initia-ted in the US inspired the birth of envi-ronmental conservation groups, such asEnvironmental Action (in Washington1970), Greenpeace (the radical and mili-tant group of environmentalists, organi-zed in 1971), Environmentalist for FullEmployment (anti industrializationgroup, born in 1975), WorldwatchInstitute (research centre and studies col-lecting information on global environ-mental threats, 1975) and many otherenvironmental observer groups.

Various analyses indicate that theexplosion happened from the unificationof generations of protestors (mostly highschool and university students, andscholars) known as motors of the anti warmovement and radical defenders of civilrights with environmental activists of1960s. This monumental movement wasaccording to Nelson, who died on 4 July2005 at the age of 89 as "the most amaz-ing grassroot explosion". It is not mista-ken that Nelson is called the Father ofInternational Earth Day. And up to nowon every 22 April all nations of the worldcommemorate it.

Earth Day Commemoration in SeveralRegions

WALHI organized various friendlycreative events, national seminar,national jamboree. WALHI alsoappeals for "hold cutting" to stoptemporarily forest exploitation anddenudation that brings ecologicaldamage to Indonesia.On 21 April 2007 the municipality ofBogor in collaboration with BogorInstitute of Agriculture (IPB) dug5.259 bioporous infiltration pits in21 kelurahans (villages) of 6 keca-matans of the city of Bogor. Around4,000 Bogor citizens participated inthe bioporous pit digging.On 22 April 2007 thousands ofParigi citizens in C. Sulawesi toge-ther with mass organization and thelocal government conducted CityCleaning activity.The students of Social Sciences ofthe University of Airlangga,Surabaya organized a moral move-

ment and real action to makegarbage bins around the city morebeautiful. Before that they distri-buted free comic calling for care toenvironment.ITB students of Bandung held aseries of activities such tree planting,a movie show on global warming,outbound following along naturaltrack combined with educationalactivities, discussion, collection ofenvironmental data; photo andposter exhbition, product exhibitionand workshop; music performancefor the environment and carnival.The community along MertasariBeach, Sanur, Bali took part in the 9km beach clean up. About 3.000 ci-tizens of Denpasar and the sur-roundings areas consisting ofschoolchildren, custom communityof Sanur, hotel, restaurant and artshop attendance, NGO activists, etc.took part in the activity.On April 21, 2007 hundreds of stu-dents of Environmental Studies ofHaluoleo University in Kendari wentto the roads distributing hundreds oftree seedlings. They march on theroads and distributed mahogani,

rambutan and petai seedlings topassers by. On April 14, 2007 the students ofMusamus University of Merauke,Papua planted 100 trees from vari-ous species as part of WWF pro-gram. The plants were planted intheir own campus.The Forestry Agency of KabupatenKepatang, W. Kalimantan organizeda series of activities and contests.The activity consisted of Plant WhenYou Are Young Harvest as You GrowOlder and tree planting contest forchildren of kindergarten age. Thereare also colouring and drawing con-test related to environment.On 10 April 2007 around 60 highschool and university students ofPalangkaraya, C. Kalimantan con-ducted tree planting in severallocations in the city of Palang-karaya. This activity was conduct-ed in collaboration with PrimateConservation Program of BOSFoundation, WWF Indonesia,Mapala Sylva Raya of Parah-yangan University together withstudent group of Borneo PeopleAccosiation. BW

AROUND WSS

36 PercikJuly 2007

The University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (Untirta)Serang, Banten may be one we should be proud of. Inthis year's thematic student field works program one of

the selected themes is Water Supply and Sanitation, a themegenerally considered non "sexy" (read: attractive). In thePreparatory for the Instructors and Participants of the fieldworks, the Rector of Untirta Prof. Dr. H. Yoyok Mulyana repor-ted that 66 students and 38 instructors were to be deployed to 76villages in 9 Kecamatans of Banten Province. "It is hoped thatthese students will later become triggering agents for water sup-ply and sanitation development towards improvement of thequality of life of the communities," he stated. Present in theevent were Dr. Oswar Mungkasa, Head of Subdirectorate of solidwaste and Drainage, Bappenas on behalf of the Director ofHousing and Settlement; Drs. HM Masduki, the DeputyGovernor of Banten, and WASPOLA representatives.

Dr. Oswar Mungkasa firmly suggested that the responsibili-ty for WSS development does not lie solely with the government,but it must be part of all of the stakeholders. "This is indeed forthe first time that a campus carries with it WSS issue as thetheme for students' field works activity. I hope this will serve asexample for other campuses in Indonesia," revealed the member

of Central WSS-WG. In the same event, Banten Deputy Governor, HM Masduki,

promises that he will closely monitor and guard the student fieldworks through the Regional WSS-WG. He is proud for the campusthat takes WSS issue as the main theme for field works activity.

"Untirta students must serve as locomotive or pioneers inWSS development within the community," Masduki stresses fur-ther. BW

AROUND WSS

37PercikJuly 2007

UNTIRTA BRINGS UP WSS THEME

T o facilitate the implementation ofPAMSIMAS (Community Based

Water Supply Provision) programDirectorate General for RuralDevelopment (DG PMD) Dept. HomeAffairs conducted an MPA/PHAST(Methodology for ParticipatoryAssessments/Participatory Hygiene andSanitation Transformation) orientationtraining held in Makassar, S. Sulawesi on18-23 June 2007. The training wasattended by participants representingprovincial and kabupaten level officialsfrom the islands of Kalimantan and Su-lawesi. Each of the regional governmentswas represented by 4 officials, represen-

ting the offices of CommunityEmpowerment, Bappeda, Cipta Karya ofPublic Works, and Health Agency.

Lack of water supply and sanitationservices is a problem commonly faced bycommunities of the remote areas. Severalefforts have been tried by the governmentto push WSS sector development, PAM-SIMAS program is one of them.

The sustainability of WSS develop-ment is influenced by several aspectssuch as community involvement in thedecision making and in project imple-mentation. However, it is revealedtime and again that one of the majorbarriers in program implementation is

the weakness in the part of governmentofficials in facilitating community par-ticipation.

Through this orientation the organiz-ing committee wishes to introduceMPA/PHAST as tool for assessments andthe application of MPA/PHAST in plan-ning, monitoring and evaluation particu-larly for WSS development. During thevisit made to 3 villages at kabupatenTakalar the participants took the role asfacilitator in the application ofMPA/PHAST they have learned in classto get the real picture of the existing WSScondition in the localities. FN

MPA/PHAST Orientation andIts Application in Planning

Deputy Governor of Banten Drs. H.M. Masduki, Msi at theopening session. Photo: Bowo Leksono

International expositions and seminars were held in JakartaCovention Centre on 20-22 June 2007. There were fourinter-related industrial expositions wrapped in an integra-

ted implementation; one of them was water supply and waste-water treatment industry (IndoWater Expo). The event was offi-cially dedicated by Ir. Agus Widjanarko, DG Cipta Karya onbehalf of Minsiter of Public Works who in his opening speechreminded the role of PDAM in water supply provision."Pursuant to the existing regulations, in the future PDAM can nolonger hold the monopoly in public water supply provision.Anyone can take the role, the community, the cooperative, theprivate sector," said Agus. Therefore, if PDAM is to be compet-itive it must improve its performance and management capaci-ty.

The expo participants displayed equipment and facilitiesrelated to water treatment. This reflects the role of business sec-tor in water supply industry for the advantage of the communi-ty in the future.

Unwilling to be left behind, the Central WSS-WG togetherwith WASPOLA and Gorontalo WSS-WG were demonstratingtheir existence in the Expo. The visitors were spoiled with vari-ous workshop and interactive dialogues. Raw water scarcity and

lack of sanitation facility is becoming an important issue in thecountry.

Interactive dialogue entitled "Where Goes My Clean Water"was organized presenting an environmental ambassador andsinger Nugie, Perpamsi Chairman Ir. Mardju Kodri, resourcespersons from BPSPAM and LAPI ITB. Acting as moderator wasDr. Oswar Mungkasa, Chief Editor of Percik Magazine.

WSS-WG in collaboration with ISSDP and WASPOLA orga-nized a discussion on Socialization of the Plan to hold NationalSanitation Conference 2007 that was open to mass media andthe general community. The speaker for the discussion was Ir.Tri Nugroho Utomo, Head of Subdirectorate of Water Supplyand Waste Water, Bappenas.

What Has Happened With Sanitation in Indonesia?What has really happened with sanitation in Indonesia that

we had to organize a ministerial level National SanitationConference in August 2007? It turned out there is nothing thatmeans that since God Knows When we still remain indifferentwith the so-called sanitation. "In Indonesia, sanitation is stillconsidered as private business. Whereas in fact 20 million ofour population are defecating anywhere in the open places,"thus revealed Nugroho. Therefore, he continued, diarrhoeaprevalence is that high in this country, even the highest in Asia.

According to Nugroho, the reason why sanitation has beensufficiently handled, it is because the stakeholders have not con-sidered it as priority. "We don't have enough willingness andcommitment to develop a better sanitation," he said. At the endof the discussion, the participants were requested to providedideas and inputs for presentation in the forthcoming conference,by writing the message in a piece of paper and then stuck it to apiece of cloth.

Before the discussion on sanitation, another discussion on"Water Treatment At Household Level". Present in the discus-sion were Zainal I. Nampira, Head of Sub-directorat of Watersanitation Dept. Health, Rieneke Rolos Deputy Project Director& Community Mobilization, and Irma Setiono, CognizantTechnical Officer, USAID/Indonesia. According to RienekaRolos, water treatment in the household contains a complex ofproblems related to lack of knowledge and skill on how to treatwater properly. "The key is to continuously provide the familieswith information and improve their understanding on the correctway to produce good quality drinking water," she said. BW

AROUND WSS

Indo Water 2007 Expo

Organizing WSS RelatedWorkshop and Discussions

38 PercikJuly 2007

Interactive dialogue on "Where Goes My Clean Water"at the Indowater 2007 Expo inviting the singer and Environment

Ambassador, Nugie. Photo: Bowo Leksono

T he Department of Health recently organized a ConsultativeMeeting on Healthy Environment Program and Assessment

of Healthy Kabupaten/Kota Implementation 2007 held atMakassar on 12-15 June 2007. The meeting is a form of commit-ment for integration of central, provincial, kabupaten/kota stepsand UPT of DitGen PP&PL in implementation strategically,focussed, well targeted, tangible results of healthy environment2008.

In his opening speech delivered by Assistant II the Governorof S. Sulawesi mentioned that the provicial government ispleased with the Makassar meeting. "The selection of Makassaras the city for the meeting was made on purpose because it is oneof the big cities on which hygiene development program is con-tinuously monitored," he explained.

In his welcome speech, Dr. I Nyoman Kandun, DG forPP&PL made mention that according to WHO health includesphysical, mental and social aspects. "Man must live a healthylife in harmony with his environment," he concluded. Basically,health development consists of efforts to provide public healthservice as a community basic demand as an investment toimprove human resources capacity.

The national meeting involved several resource persons,such as DG for Regional Development Home Affairs, Bappenas,and the Mayor of Bontang in honour of his achivement in mak-

ing his municipality a Healthy City. It is hoped this meeting willbe useful in the implementation of health development program.Next year the same event will be held in Gorontalo City. BW

T he effort of the municipality govern-ment of Makassar to turn it into

Healthy City is continuing. Today, thecity of more than 1 million people locatedon the west coast of island of Sulawesi isstill way from being called a healthy city.Makassar's failure to win Adipura awardthis year serves as a strong reminder thatthe municipality government must workhand in hand with the community into

the kind of city they have in mind. Thefact of life shows that there are only toofew places in the city that are nice to lookat. The traffic is a full mess. It seems,Makassar that is focusing on trade andmaritime development, must take intoserious consideration the environmentalaspect. Dr. Noer Bahry Noor, Chairmanof Makassar Healthy City Forumannounces that to bring Makassar into

Healthy City does not imply a mere phy-sical improvement. "Most important ofall is a change in the community way ofthinking," he says firmly. The Depart-ment of Health definition of healthy city isone that continuously improves the qualityof physical and social environment throughempowering its community to explore allthe existing potentials, individually as wellas communally. Bowo Leksono

AROUND WSS

39PercikJuly 2007

Makassar in the Path Leadingto Healthy City

Dr. I Nyoman Kandun, Dir Gen for PP&PL, Dept. Health deliveringhis welcome speech. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Consultative Meeting andAssessment of Hygiene ProgramImplementation

On 23 August 2007 aMemorandum of Under-standing on Water Supply

Development was signed by theDeputy for Facility and Infra-structure Development, Bappenas,Governor of NTT, Bupati of Alor andBupati of Ende. The memorandumcontains an agreement for the par-ties concerned to support water sup-ply development in Kabupaten Alorand Kabupaten Ende through anextension of ProAir activity in NTTprovince for 2006-2008. For thispurpose a grant fund at an amountof 2.3 million has been made avail-able by Kfw of Germany for watersupply and sanitation development including community prepa-ration and capacity building of regional government officials. Ascounterpart, the regional governments of Alor and Ende must

set aside a budget amounting 10percent of the grant fund for thedevelopment, excluding adminis-trative related costs.

As a follow up, on 28 May-1June 2007 a courtesy call wasmade for the submission of thememorandum document and avisit to take a look at the activityprogress in the field.

In this opprtunity the Teamconsisting of Bappenas, Dept.Home Affairs and Dept Healthtook the opportunity to pay acourtesy visit to the Governor andHead of District of Alor. Fromthe field visit it was summarized

that the implementation is in the stage of data collection fromthe community and preparation of DED. OM

As part of WSS data management, on Tuesday 29 May2007 a one-day workshop on WSS Data was held atKabupaten Bangka, Province of Bangka Belitung. This

workshop is mandated by the Kabupaten's WSS developmentstrategy plan as a means for the development of baseline data.Present in the workshop were representatives of WSS stake-holders consisting of Bapedalda, Kimpraswil, Health Agency,Regional Development Agency, Camat, facilitated by Kabupatenlevel Bappeda with support from WASPOLA and Central WSS-WG.

The opening was made by the Regional Secretary ofKabupaten Bangka who emphasized the importance of datamanagement in development planning. Poor data managementwill lead to poor planning, and end up in mistargeted develop-ment. This is what is called the principle of garbage in garbageout.

In the following session it was participatory discussion fordata management identification. The participants were dividedinto 2 groups, agency officers and kecamatan officers. The topicto discuss consisted of data of the existing WSS condition col-

lected from villages of 8 kecamatans. The simple instrumentusing the registration method triggers the need for data manage-ment of the existing condition. The next session deals withMDGs target in water and sanitation sector, covering WSS indi-cator, use of data base, and example of data calculation forKabupaten Bangka. Then the discussion moved on to formula-tion of the required data indicators to be developed specificallyfor Kabupaten Bangka. Each of the agencies presented the exist-ing data in possession and the possibility for further develop-ment. It was found out that the indicators are overlapping andconfusion on who must be doing what among the agencies.

Several of the proposals developed in the discussions com-prise: a) establishement of a clearing house for kabupaten leveldata. The clearing house will serve as agent of interexchange fordata traffic among agencies. There is for this purpose a need fora computer program to support this activity; b) establishment ofa regional level WWS-WG forum for data classification and datacategory managed by the agencies; c) other forms of agreementsuch as follow up of the present workshop to discuss data ma-nagement in more detail. GTM

AROUND WSS

40 PercikJuly 2007

Submission of MoU Document andField Visit by ProAir

Workshop on Kabupaten BangkaWSS Data Management

Submission of MoU to the Governor of NTT.Photo: Sutrisno

Another prestigious achievement has been made. Thistime it is in East Java. One of the kecamatans of kabu-paten Lumajang, Gucialit, has its community built

household latrine and use it effectively. The kecamatan is nowfree from the habit of defecation in the open.

The achievement is marked with "Declaration of KecamatanGucialit as Community Who Effectively Use Household Latrine"at the Desa Dadapan on 21 May 2007. Present in theDeclaration were the representatives of Central CLTS Team,consisting of officials from Dept. Health, Home Affairs accom-panied by E. Java CLTS Team and Regional GovernmentOfficials.

The Gucialit achievement is carved through the implementa-tion of CLTS (Community Led Total Sanitation) program, one ofempowerment methodologies to change community habit initi-ated and led by the community itself without any external sub-sidy.

This methodology was introduced in Kabupaten Lumajang

since 2005 along with the implementation of Desa Siaga (AlertVillage) and Desa Sehat (Healthy Village) through Gebang Masprograms all intended to develop Healthy Lumajang 2007.

H. Achmad Fauzi, the Bupati of Lumajang, in his welcomespeech stated that in the field of empowerment KabupatenLumajang has developed skilled CLTS facilitators to renderassistance to the communities at the kabupaten and kecamatanlevels. "I believe that CLTS methodology is applicable not onlyto trigger latrine development, but also for other aspects ofdevelopment," he styated.

The community of Kecamatan Gucialit has demonstrated itssuccess which contributes to the achievement of HealthyLumajang 2007. Through the services of Special Working Unitsand camats the Bupati of Lumajang has requested the commu-nity of the region to together achieve Healthy Lumajang 2007."This ideal can only be put into reality through real action and Istrongly believe that Kabupaten Lumajang will become a healthykabupaten," he said. BW

R ecord indicates that more than 100million of Indonesian population is

presently is devoid of the access to watersupply. Regional Utility Service (PDAM)is operating in 13 percent of the totaladministrative regions. To improve thecoverage PDAM in collaboration withBRI (Bank Rakyat Indonesia) design amicro credit scheme for the communityto access clean water service. The credit,at a maximum of Rp 3 million and termof repayment 2 years, is provided in cashto pay for new connection.

As for the procedure, the customerhas to go to PDAM counter and ask forthe required form and other require-ments as determined by PDAM and BRI.PDAM and the qualified candidate sub-

mit the document to BRI office at keca-matan level to be forwarded to kabupa-ten/kota level BRI branch office for pro-cessing. The candidate will have to openan account at BRI. Then BRI approvesthe request and transfer the newconne0ction cost to PDAM account inthe bank.

If the credit request is approved thecustomer will have a full package con-nection facility from PDAM with one tapfixed within the yard. An extension oradditional taps within the house will costadditional in accordance with the realcost. If you are still without water sup-ply, hurry up and request for a microcredit from BRI. BW

AROUND WSS

41PercikJuly 2007

Gucialit Community Is Free FromDefecating In the Open

Credit Program for PDAM ServiceConnection

Photo: Bowo Leksono.

One of the events of the WorldWater Day national commemo-ration was the 3-day World

Water Expo held at the Dept. of PublicWorks office compound on 2-4 May2007. The expo which an item of annualagenda was attended by 62 participantsoccupying 123 stands. The participantsrepresented various groups, includinggovernment institutions, private sector,and organizations related to environmen-tal activities.

In his opening speech Ir. Siswoko,Dipl. HE, Director General for WaterResources Dept. of Public Works men-tioned that for Indonesian the WorldWater Day is not a mere celebration tothank God for the blessing of abundantwater to this country. "But simultaneous-ly it is an event to remind us that we arebeing faced with a big problem withwater. This year we were reminded again,with the irregular pattern of world rain-fall caused by drastic climatic changesand reduced water absorbing capacity ofthe ground due to environmental degra-dation. All this boils down to our prob-lem with water scarcity," he revealed.

Siswoko stressed that it is the time forus to realize that Indonesia is indeed suf-fering from water scarcity especially theregions with low rainfall. Water scarcitybecomes problem of the community allthe year round. "When water quantity inits source becomes limited and its qualityis made poor from man's carelessness thesum result will read: water is becoming ascarce good and more costly," he stated.

After opening the expo, Siswoko tooka walk around the stands for the exhibi-tion. One of the stands in run by WSS-WG and WASPOLA. ISSDP and Plan

Indonesia also took part in the expo..Various WSS related information was madeavailable in the stand. This stand is quiteinformative because of the amount of infor-mation made available to visitors. But theactual problem lies with how WSS-WGcould put its ideals into implementationwhere many of the regions of Indonesia arenot dealt with," said Sahroel Polantolo, oneof the visitors to Percik.

Further Sahroel felt pity that as aninstitution with so much information inhand and so many real activities beingdone yet the stand is too small. "It is pity,indeed, the space is too small that visitorslooking for information cannot do it morefreely," he said.

World Water Day has been commemo-rated 15 times since its launching in 1992

by the United Nations that decided that22 March as World Water Day. Allnations of the world commemorate itevery year.

Based on common agreement amongnational stakeholders the theme for thisyear's commemoration is "Coping withWater Scarcity" in line with the integra-ted effort to overcome water scarcity andflood control.

It is hoped that the expo as one of theWorld Water Day commemoration agen-da does not end up at a mere ceremony.It is high time for the government and thecommunity as well to take a serious con-sideration of the water scarcity problem.And the means to control flood that regu-larly hits many areas is also our responsi-bility. BW

AROUND WSS

World Water 2007 Expo

WITH A HOPE THAT IT IS NOTA MERE CEREMONY

42 PercikJuly 2007

The stand maintained by WSS WG-WASPOLA in the World Water Day 2007exhibition.Photo: Bowo Leksono

The multidimensional crisis that continuously hitsIndonesia is influencing all aspects of life, including theworsening of environmental condition. One of them is

the effect of global warming that has been a problem for theentire world. This was revealed on the bestowal of Cadres ofEnvironmental conservationists of Kebangkitan Bangsa Party(PKB) at the compound of the party's head office, Jakarta, onSunday 22 April. This presentation was made on the day coin-ciding the Earth Day 2007.

Before the inauguration, Th Party Chairman, MuhaiminIskandar says that PKB has just declared that as green partydetermines to resolve many national problems through environ-mental aspect.

In this occasion a dangdut singer Inul Daratista and a movieactor Tengku Firmansyah are named the EnvironmentalAmbassadors of the political party. "I want Indonesia to becomegreen again," says Inul after her inauguration. To conclude theoccasion An Inconvenient Truth, a movie directed by DivisGuggehheim, winner of Oscar prize 2007 was put to screen.

The mission of the political party with symbol globe is having

5 million conservation workers ready to take conservation jobsall over the country. Can these 5 million workers turn Indonesiaback to green? Let's see. BW

In Indonesia, water ready fordrinking is not generally con-sidered as a nationwide

demand. While only 22 percent or52 million of our population is stillforeign to access to water supply. Tointroduce several simple technolo-gies for producing drinkable waterDept. Health in collaboration withWHO, and USAID held a presenta-tion cum discussion entitled"Socialization of Several NewOptions for Household Level WaterTreatment" that took place at theOffice of the Directorate General forEnvironmental Health on 19 April.

Dr. Wan Alkadri, Director ofEnvironmental Hygiene in his introduc-tion mentioned that around 90 percent ofIndonesian population boils water for

drinking. "This is an old practice. As amatter of fact there is no guarantee thatafter boiling water is free from disease,"he said

In the meantime, ShamsulHuda, WHO EnvironmentalHealth Adviser mentioned thatthe discussion on householdlevel water treatment manage-ment conforms to one of WHOstrategies. "This strategy isaimed at increasing access towater supply through assess-ment of technology choices forthe provision of drinkingwater," he said. In this oppor-tunity several relatively sim-ple, non-costly yet effectivetechnologies related to watersupply production such as air

rahmat, aquatabs, purifier of water(PUR), sodis and simple filtration unitwere introduced. BW

AROUND WSS

43PercikJuly 2007

Various Offers of Potable Water

Five millions conservation workers areready to make Indonesia "green"

Presentation and discussion of various water treatmenttechnologies in Dept. Health. Photo: Bowo Leksono

Inauguration of Inul Daratista and Tengku Firmansyah asEnvironmental Ambassadors. Photo: Bowo Leksono

"We hope that from now on nomore lake is to be filled inand turned into real estate

or residential area," says Djoko Kirmanto,Minister of Public Works firmly in hiswelcome speech in the Lauching ofRevitalization of Lake Cikaret, atKampung Tengah, Kecamatan Cibinong,Bogor, Wednesday 9 May. Before that, asigning of memorandum of understand-ing by three cabinet ministers, PublicWorks, Forestry and Agriculture. Thismarked the peak event of World WaterDay XV 2007.

In the common agreement the threegovernment departments will formulatean integrated program and a synergy ofland and water resources conservation.Lake conservation is indispensable,therefore there will be no more lake con-verted to other purposes.

Djoko Kirmanto sees that the degra-dation of land and water resources hasreached an alarming stage that itbecomes the main cause for flood, land-slide and drought. "We have to immedi-ately restore lake and upper watershed asprotection areas through active participa-tion of the whole community," he says.

One of the main causes for flood di-saster is that many lakes have lost theircapacity. Lakes must be seen as waterparking area to let it gradually penetrates

deeper into the ground as water reserve.Therefore lake revitalization is deemednecessary.

"We haven't treated the land aroundus in response to what it has been valu-able to us. Watershed degradation fromman's destructive hands will eventuallycause harm to himself," says Djoko.

It is planned that by 2009 more than140 lakes in Jabotabekpunjur (Jakarta,Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, Puncak andCianjur) area will be revived to its formerlife. Department of Public Works hasbeen allocated Rp 250 billion fund forthis purpose. This year work is on goingin 51 lakes, while in 2008 and 2009another 51 and 40 lakes respectively.

The revitalization consists of amongothers dredging, and physical construc-tion such as spillway, intake sluice andpaved track for jogging and amusementpurposes. The Dept. of Public Works hasstarted with the revitalization since 1996and it has been heightened since theoccurrence of the recent flood.

Three government departmentsinvolved have tried to take improvementmeasures, through extension services,care development, technical counseling,advocacy, human resources and institu-tional capacity building, and counterpartprovision. Minister of Public Works isconvinced that the community will be

amenable once they understand what's itall about, and for this it is nescessary tohave a national movement.

In the meantine, Minister of ForestryMS Kaban disclosed that this year theGovernment has rehabilitated 110 haupper watershed lands in the area ofJabotabekpunjur at a cost of around Rp850 billion. The budget is integratedamounts in three Departments, PublicWorks, Forestry and Agriculture. "Theleading agency for the operation is PublicWorks," he said.

The Deputy Bupati of Bogor, AlbertPribadi is pleased with the Governmenteffort. "There are in Kabupaten Bogor 93lakes, of which 15 are in their worst con-dition. We, together with the community,are fully supporting the revitalizationprogram," he says.

Further Albert says that a firm stepswill be taken for any building and con-struction that violate the spatial plan."We have a Regional GovernmentRegulation (Perda) on Spatial Plan. Anybuilding constructied in violation of thespatial plan will be demolished immedi-ately," says Albert firmly.

Let's hope that lakes are really treatedas basins where water parks to eventuallyfunction as water reserve and simultane-ously flood control system. BW

AROUND WSS

44 PercikJuly 2007

Let a lake be basin where water parks

Created by Rudi Kosasih 2007

LAKES HAVETO BE

PRESERVED

Thousands of primary school chil-

dren standing in rows around the

National Monument, Jakarta, on

Sunday 6 May. They are smiling indica-

ting happiness. What are they doing,

actually? Yes, the pure hearted children

are taking part in the campaign promo-

ting thw habit of washing hands with

soap. This habit is intended to improve

community health through of hygiene

behaviour. Hygiene behaviour must start

early from childhood.

The Coordination Minister for

Welfare Aburizal Bakrie accompanied by

Minister Health, Minister of Education

and State Minister of Women

Empowerment marked the beginning of

the campaign with releasing gas filled

balloons into the air. The hand washing

campaign at the same time also serves to

commemorate the Education Day, was

held simultaneously in Bandung, Medan

and Surabaya.

"This campaign is necessary because

we want to introduce the correct way of

washing hands," said Ical, so Aburizal

Bakrie is intimately called, in front of

2,700 mothers and children from 25 pri-

mary schools of Jakarta and Bekasi. In

fact, handwashing can reduce the risk of

diarrhoea contamination by 40 percent

and prevention of other diseases such as

skin infection, pneumonia and avian flu.

The Coordination Minister started

with the practice of washing hands before

the children and their parents. He

washed his hands with soap, rinsed them

with water, and mopped them with a dry

towel. This was followed by Minister of

Health, Minister of Education, State

Minister of Women Empowerment,

UNICEF representative and other

Officials. It is hoped the campaign leads

to community awareness of hygiene

behaviour that eventually reduces preva-

lence of contagious diseases.

Preceding the launching, a media cam-

paign and wash hand with soap training

as a simple means for hygiene life in var-

ious primary schools throughout Indo-

nesia. In order to attract a wider audien-

ce about this national program the Coor-

dination Minister with support from

USAID through Environmetal Services

Program undertakes an internet based

campaign as complementary the Wash

Hands With Soap Campaign 2007.

PROGRAM

45PercikJuly 2007

An Easy Path towardHygienic Life

The Launching of National Campaignfor Wash Hands with Soap 2007

Little "doctors" are practising wash handswith soap during the launching of Wash Hands With Soap Program 2007 at theJakarta National Monument.Photo: Bowo Leksono

kampanye berbasis internet sebagai pe-nunjang kegiatan Kampanye NasionalCuci Tangan Pakai Sabun 2007.

Makna Cuci Tangan Pakai SabunCuci tangan pakai sabun adalah cara

penting untuk bisa mencegah penyebaranpenyakit menular, beberapa diantaranyadiare, flu burung, dan tipes. Menurutpenelitian, membiasakan cuci tangan pa-kai sabun dapat menekan angka kema-tian anak di Indonesia. Karena penyakitdiare menjadi penyebab kematian bayiyang cukup tinggi.

Diare bukan masalah yang sepelemengingat di Indonesia tercatat rata-rataterjadi 100 ribu kasus diare per tahun.Sehingga perlu dipahami dan disadaribersama bahwa mencuci tangan dengansabun adalah perilaku yang mudah di-lakukan dan efektif untuk mencegahdiare.

Badan kesehatan dunia WHO (WorldHealth Organization) juga mencatat pe-nyebab kematian terbesar bagi bayi danbalita (anak bawah lima tahun) di duniaadalah ISPA (infeksi saluran pernapasanatas) dan diare. Cuci tangan pakai sabunbisa melepaskan kuman penyebab infeksidengan murah dan mudah, sehinggadianggap sebagai salah satu cara efektifmencegah terjadinya penyakit.

Bagi Indonesia, cuci tangan pakai sa-bun ini bisa menurunkan angka kematianbayi dan balita di Indonesia yang saat initercatat 35 per 1000 kelahiran hidup un-tuk bayi 0-12 bulan dan 46 per 1000 ke-lahiran hidup untuk anak bawah lima ta-hun (balita).

Program ini sebenarnya telah dihem-buskan sejak Januari 2006 bahkan bebe-rapa program telah dirintis dari tahun2005 dengan tujuan; meningkatkan pe-ngetahuan dan merubah sikap ibu rumahtangga yang mempunyai balita tentangmanfaat cuci tangan pakai sabun. Me-ngembangkan kelompok-kelompok ma-syarakat yang mendukung masalah higi-nitas dan sanitasi termasuk perilaku cucitangan pakai sabun. Dan mengembang-kan metode, pesan-pesan, dan produkkomunikasi versi komunitas.

Fakta BerbicaraAngka-angka di atas menjadi acuan

agar masyarakat sadar dan peduli artipentingnya hidup sehat dengan memu-lainya dari kedua tangan. Untuk itu pro-gram kampanye dimaksudkan agarpemahaman masyarakat semakin kuatdan pada akhirnya dikembalikan padamanusianya sendiri.

Berikut beberapa fakta tentang artipentingnya kebersihan tangan:

1. Tangan adalah salah satu penghantarutama masuknya kuman penyakit ketubuh manusia. Cuci tangan dengansabun dapat menghambat masuknyakuman penyakit ke tubuh manusiamelalui perantaraan tangan.

2. Tangan manusia yang kotor karenamenyentuh feses mengandung kuranglebih 10 juta virus dan 1 juta bakteri.

3. Kuman penyakit seperti virus danbakteri tidak dapat terlihat secarakasat mata sehingga sering dia-baikan dan mudah masuk ke tubuhmanusia.

4. Hampir semua orang mengerti pen-tingnya cuci tangan pakai sabunnamun tidak membiasakan diri

untuk melakukannya dengan benarpada saat yang penting.

Langkah Tepat Cuci Tangan PakaiSabun

1. Basuh tangan dengan air yangmengalir, cuci dengan sabun, dan gosokkedua tangan selama 20 detik hinggaberbusa. Pastikan menggosok bagian disela-sela jari, di bawah kuku, dan pung-gung tangan.

2. Bilas tangan dengan air mengalirselama 10 detik.

3. Keringkan tangan dengan menggu-nakan kain lap yang bersih dan kering.

Waktu Penting Cuci Tangan PakaiSabun

1. Sebelum makan.2. Sesudah buang air besar. 3. Sebelum memegang bayi. 4. Sesudah menceboki anak. 5. Sebelum menyiapkan makanan.Mencuci tangan dengan menggu-

nakan sabun akan mampu mengurangihingga 47 persen penderita diare dan 30persen untuk infeksi saluran pernafasanakut atau ISPA (infeksi saluran perna-pasan atas). Tidak perlu mahal untukhidup sehat dan dengan cara yang mudahpula. Jadi kapan lagi kita memulai hidupsehat? BW

PROGRAM

46 PercikJuli 2007

Anak-anak Sekolah Dasar bergembiramenyambut program Cuci Tangan

Pakai Sabun.Foto: Bowo Leksono.

The government has implemented various Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation development pro-jects/programs since Pelita-I till now. According to

World Bank report using Susenas Data of 2004, only 48 percentof the population is currently covered with clean water service,42 percent of urban and 51 percent of village population. It isalso mentioned in the report that for the period of 8 years from1994 till 2002 service coverage increase is only 9 percent, in theurban. Furthermore, 40 percent of the population is still defe-cating in a variety of improper places like garden, fish pond,lake, river and seafront.

This has caused the relatively high prevalence of diarrhoeadiseases at 280 per 1000 population and places third in thecauses of infant mortality, second in children below 5 and fifthof general population and they frequently come as extraordinaryoccurrence with high mortality rate.

The reason for the low water supply and sanitation servicecoverage is because the government does not consider it a prio-rity. That's also the reason why the World Bank has provided aloan for water supply and sanitation development throughWSLIC-2 project.

Research Purpose and Method AppliedThe study was intended to measure WSLIC-2 project effec-

tiveness as it relates to improvement of community health asindicated from reduction of diarrhoea cases in children under 5years old and to identify the most dominant factors for thereduction.

This study was a survey research (i.e non experimental). Itwas conducted through questionaires directed to housewiveswith children under five years old. The survey areas consist of avillage with functioning water supply and sanitiation facility. Ascontrol, another village that in terms of geographical condition,socio-economic status and community habit are similar with the

focus villages, but without improved water supply and sanitationfacility.

Result ObtainedA reduction on diarrhoea cases has been recorded after the

water supply and sanitation facility has been functioning. Thisis indicated through comparing the control village (Klampok, 48diarrhoea cases) with Jambearjo, 13 cases.

In terms the general population regardless of age there is areduction from 154 for every 1.000 people down to 90. Thereduction of diarrhoea cases for children below 5 years old isconsidered as the result of the availability of clean water, facilityfor defecation, washing hands after defecation, washing handsafter child cleansing, disposal of child faeces, waste disposalfacility and better knowledge about environmental hygiene.

RecommendationFrom the findings of the study and for the purpose of redu-

cing the prevalence of diarrhoea diseases in other villages it isrecommended that the regional government seriously considerethe replication of WSLIC-2 approaches particularly in the toiletfacility development, enhancement of hygiene behaviour espe-cially washing hands with soap and development of waste dis-posal facility.

It is also recommended to conduct a more detailed researchespecially with Jambearjo about the other diarrhoea causing fac-tors, because the findings indicate that even after water supplyfacility has been running sufficiently well the diarrhoea problemin children prevails. As we know the causes of diarrhoea are notlimited to water supply and sanitation only, there are other fac-tors that may play some role.

Condensed from thesis byRheidda Pramudhy

Environmental Study ProgramGraduate School, University of Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The Relationship between WaterSupply and SanitationDevelopment with HealthImprovement(Case Study of the villages of Jambearjo and Klampok in Kabupaten Malang)

47PercikJuly 2007

WATER HYACINTH FOR TREATMENT

OF HUMAN EXCREMENT

Question:

Is it true that water hyacinth can be used to treat human

excrement?

DarmaPekanbaru

Answer:

Water hyacinth can be used for treatment of human excre-

ment. This is because this plant thrives well on lands rich in

organic compounds yet low in oxygen content. Water hyacinth

uses the organic matter of human waste for nutrition. And

besides, the plant is relatively resistant to nitrate and phosphate

containing water such as the ponds that are highly polluted with

detergents from domestic wastewater.

However, uncontrolled water hyacinth population is detri-

mental because it may cause shallowing of water body from the

piling up of dead stems bringing oxygen content extremely low

(that makes septic-anaerobic condition as evidenced from dark

water colour and smells bad that in the end kills all aquatic life).

Water hyacinth seed can live a dormant life for a long time

even in a very bad environmental condition. This means, if the

seed are released into the environment (free water body) some-

day they will germinate and cause an uncontrolled water

hyacinth field and weed problem far away from its place of ori-

gin.

MANURE MAKES COMPOSTING FASTER

Question:

Is it true that composting time can be shortened by adding

animal manure? Then, what type of animal waste is the best

used for it?

SopacuaAmbon

Answer:

Animal waste can be used to make composting process

faster, because it improves C/N ratio of the solid waste. In its

application, considering continuity and availability of supply, it

is recommended to economize the use of the animal waste.

The best waste for use is one produced from poultry farm (it

needs the least amount), the least is goat waste because it needs

5-6 times the amount of chicken droppings for the same result.

Based on the average solid waste characteristics in Indonesia,

the ratio for a good composting process is 100 kg solid waste

mixed with 12 kg chicken waste.

TREATMENT OF LEACHATE

Question:

In a leachate treatment of a TPA using the combination of

aerator, alum addition, and filter:

a. What is the right order of application for the above combi-

nation? And why?

b. How long should the aerator be operated to treat 1.5 l/sec

leachate discharge?

c. What is the recommended alum dosage to treat the 1.5 l/sec

leachate?

Bambang WidiyokoSleman

Answer:

a. The best recommended order is aeration (using aerator),

followed by alum application, wait till sedimentation takes

place, and finally filtration (refrain from direct filtering, but

wait for a while till sedimentation takes place, this is to pre-

vent clogging of filter element).

b. It is recommendable that the time for the treatment is 12-

18 hours.

c. The alum dosage is approx. 50-60 mg per litre of leachate.

Assuming the discharge rate of 1.5 l/sec and alum purity at

60 percent, then alum requirement is 12.95 kg per day.

IATPI CL INIC

48 PercikJuly 2007

Percik magazine in cooperation with the Association of Sanitation Engineers and Environmental Engineers maintains Clinic column.This column deals with question and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation.

Question can be forwarded through Percik magazineContributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono (Sandhieb@yahoo.com), Lina Damayanti (Ldamayanti@yahoo.com)

Title

ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES FOR THE POORTHE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Author:

Asia-Pacific MDG Study Series

Publisher:

UNESCAP-UNDP-ADB, 2007

Pages:

50 pages

This book discusses matters relat-

ed to good governance as it

relates to MDGs achievement

that has been a topic of discussion for

some time. The explanation stresses

more on poverty reduction to a significant

level.

The 50 page book also presents a

number of strategies to overcome barriers

faced by the community in obtaining pub-

lic services in terms of financial, legal,

local socio-cultural including political

aspects.

This book is divided into 4 chapters,

Barriers to Services, Strategies to

Overcome Barriers, The Importance of

Good Governance, and Conclusion. It

also discusses strategies to touch, involve

and empower the poor communities in

order to improve their life.

Specific discussion on community

empowerment is made in Chapter 3

under section Empowering the Poor. In

brief the commitment to build good go-

vernance is important in strategy formu-

lation for provision of basic services and

poverty reduction effectively and sus-

tainably.

Good governance guarantees that

poor community and other less privileged

groups are involved in decision making

about public services and their influence

to their life.

The involvement of the poor as party

in the motivation towards self reliance.

And transparancy is an important base

for public service provision. BW

BOOK INFO

49PercikJuly 2007

ELIMINATE POVERTY SIGNIFICANTLY

TitleAUTONOMOUS REGION DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING AND COMMUNITYEMPOWERMENT

Author:Dr. Drs. I Nyoman Sumaryadi, M.Si

Publisher:Citra Utama, 2005

Pages:290 pp (in Bahasa)

This book consists of two partseach This book conssists of twoparts each is divided into 5 chap-

ters. Part one discusses autonomousregion development planning. Part twoabout community empowerment. Partone describes that regional autonomyrelated development consists of threephases, i.e. pre planning, planning andimplementation including its relatedsupervision.

The pre planning phase stresses theimportance of awareness campaign to allgovernment officials, members of DPRDand others on matters related to the plan-ning. Then comes the planning processfollowing a preliminary comprehensivestudy of the area in order to get a basicknowledge about the area.

While part two or community empow-erment explains that empowerment is aneffort for the community to become

actively participate in the development.Empowerment is a process for individu-als in the community to be self reliant,motivated and sufficiently skilled.Empowerment also means improvingproductivity.

The author discusses 5 aspects inempowerment to be taken into considera-tion. First, the leaders must fully under-stand the empowerment concept.Second, the empowerment conceptassumes cultural, organizational and cor-porate changes. Third, the leaders mustrealize that in implementation of the con-cept there will be changes in role includ-ing reduction of the role of the leaders.Fourth, the community must also under-go some change in itself. And fifth, itmust be realized that empowermentprocess is not a one shot deal. It needstime and patience. BW

Development Planning and Community Empowerment

The IRC International Waterand Sanitation Center (IRC)

http://www.irc.nl/content/search/?SearchText=community+development&Sear

chButton=Search

In this website visitors may obtain aselection of as many as 3394 articlesrelated to community development.These articles consist mainly of lessonslearned from community developmentactivities particularly within the realm ofwater and sanitation conducted by IRC inmany countries.

This site is maintained by IRC Waterand Sanitation Center, a foundationfocussing on water and sanitation for thepurpose of facilitation sharing process,promotion, and application of the avail-able knowledge so that government, pro-fessionals, and organizations could helpthe poor of the developing nations toobtain water and sanitation services theycould operate and maintain by them-selves.

Management Alternativesfor Human Services

http://www.mapl.com.au/ComDev.htm

This site does not specifically dealwith community development, butthrough this site visitors may obtain briefexplanation on the basic concept of com-munity development, from differentangles such as process, relationship withvarious aspects of life, and the outcomeexpected from community development

implementation.This site is maintained by Mana-

gement Alternatives, a management con-sultant focussing on community, NGOand government based activities.

Community DevelopmentXchange

http://www.cdx.org.uk/about/whatis-cd.htm

This site provides relatively sufficientinformation on community developmentfrom definition, glossary related to com-munity development and tools for use forcommunity development work effective-ly. Publication related to the topic is alsoavailable for the visitors to read.

Some of the interesting topics toinclude: Community Development-Everywhere and Nowhere: rediscoveringthe purpose and practice of communitydevelopment, Political, Professional,

Powerful-understanding communitydevelopment, Having Your Say-Responses to 'Building Civil Renewal': AReview of Government Support forCommunity Capacity Building, Impro-ving the Health of Communities: the Roleof Community Development in TacklingHealth Inequalities, and others. Alsoavailable discussion forum on selectedtopics.

The website is maintained by Com-munity Development Xchange, a non go-vernment organization intended to makechanges through social justice and equal-ity through socialization of values andcommunity development approach.

The Asset Based CommunityDevelopment Institute

http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/abcd.html

Through this web the visitor mayobtain various published materials oncommunity development. Some of theinteresting topics include: BuildingCommunities from the Inside Out: a Pathtoward Finding and MobilizingCommunity Asset Voluntary Associationin Low Income Neighbourhood: AnUnexplored Community Resources, AGuide to Evaluating Asset BasedCommunity Development, and others.This web also provides discussion groupsfor interested visitors.

This web is maintained by The AssetBased Community Development Institutewho realizes that community assets arekey to sustainable development and com-munity revitalization efforts in ruralareas.

Infed

http://www.infed.org/community/b-comdv.htm

In this web the visitor could obtaininformation about various aspects ofcommunity development, from the histo-ry of community development up to com-munity participation and social capital.Also presentation of selected referenceson community development. This site ismaintained by Infed, an independentNGO consisting of teachers and instruc-tors. RR

WEBSITE INFO

50 PercikJuly 2007

"M usyawarah" a word adapted from the Arabic, meaningdecision making through common deliberation to clear

up differences. Musyawarah has long been adopted byIndonesians, and is key to community life.

When the wheel of globalization and moderniza-tion is turning and grinding old values merciless-ly, it seems as if "musyawarah" would bedoomed forever. Especially of the urban com-munity who tends to be individualistic.

The show is neatly wrapped in a VCD toportray how the age long values and heritageare still relevant for application in this mod-ern time. One form of community empower-ment. The underlying principle is from thecommunity, by the community, and for thecommunity.

Saiyo sakato , a musyawarah experience of BukitGombak, the World Bank facilitated video production startswith the background illustrating the community life of Jorong,Bukit Gombak, W. Sumatra. The leading performers are mainlywomen. Some of them are tapping for latex of rubber plants,others sell pandan mats. They work hard to make their family

survive.Although the people live in a scenic country it doesn't always

mean that they live harmoniously. Individual disagreementsmay arise from time to time especially in the public

bathing. They fight to be the first to enter. Everyoneneeds water, for bathing, washing and defecat-

ing. There is only one facility for all. "Musyawarah" is key. Every discussion is

done through this community forum. Thecommunity has its unique way to get togeth-er. Saluang, one of the traditional music ofMinangkabau, is made a tool to make the

people come together.Differences must be honoured and valued

as something natural that eventually will con-verge into agreement. The implementation is

done through the communal work ("gotong royong").The principle of carrying a burden together is effective-

ly used in resolving water scarcity. Participaton of all membersof the community is a form of empowerment. The 16 min. videois flowing nicely in local dialect with Minang traditional musicfor the background. BW

None of us is entirely penniless. Eachhas something, however small itmay seem, at the least we have

consent, honesty, and care which mayserve as the basic moral capital.

That is the opening statement of a17 min. VCD entitled "Make YourDream Come True". The docu-dramavideo that was produced in 2005 flowsout of Ibu Yati's viewpoint. The moth-er of three children tells us her experi-ence about the misfortune she and herfamily suffered during the monetary crisis.Unable to pay the educational cost was aggravat-ed with the laying off of her husband from his job.

The drama depicting Ibu Yati and her family sufficiently por-trays how the poor should struggle and wake up towards a bet-ter life. When Ibu Yati joins others in a community group

named Puspasari, a new chapter of her family's lifebegins to take place. The group membership consists

of various different background is determined toimprove their living condition. It is not only in

saving and loan activity, all other life improve-ment related issues are listed in the agenda fordiscussion (i.e. the musyawarah). As it is, thisempowering group also discusses other thingsincluding hygiene, education, social, economic

and political matters. Educational aspectincludes literacy education. Everything seems

easy if it is done collectively. Ibu Yati's patienceand perseverance has led her to Puspasari Group

Chairmanship. The lack of education that ends at pover-ty is being subjected for Urban Community Poverty Alleviation

Project through this video. Empowerment makes the communi-ty learn a lesson, progressive, self reliant and free frompoverty. BW

CD INFO

51PercikJuly 2007

"Musyawarah" is a formof community empowerment

Empowerment Makes Dream a Reality

NO. T I M E AC T I V I T Y1 01 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Gorontalo City conducted by WASPOLA2 1-2 May 2007 WS on Data Management conducted by WASPLOA in Kabupaten Bangka3 WS "Macro Study on Indentification of National Demand for Raw Water" held by Dit Gen Cipta karya Dept PW at

Grand Mahakam Hotel4 02 May 2007 World Water Expo XV 2007 held at the Dept. Public Works Office5 2-4 May 2007 Follow up WS on the Strategy Plan Formulation for Bone Bolango and Pahuwato held by WASPOLA6 3-4 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Kabupaten Bangka Tengah conducted by WASPOLA7 04 May 2007 WS "Study on Pollution of Drinking Water Supply" held the Office Dit. Gen PP&PL Dept Health 8 7-12 May 2007 MPA-PHAST Training for National WSS-WG held in Semarang by Dit. Gen PMD Dept. Home Affairs9 7-11 May 2007 Follow up Strategy Plan Formulation for Kabs. Bima, Dompu, Lombok Tengah by WASPOLA10 9-10 May 2007 WS on Data Management for NTT Province conducted by WASPLOA11 09 May 2007 Launching of Lake Revitalization aand Singing MOU between Ministers PW, Forestry and Agriculture at Lake Cikaret

conducted by WASPOLA12 10 May 2007 WS on CB-WWS for Kab. Soppeng conducted by WASPOLA13 12 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Kabupaten Wajo, S. Sulawesi conducted by WASPOLA14 15 May 2007 Meeting with Netherland Red Cross at the WSS-WG Office15 15 May 2007 WS on Provincial ISSDP Sanitation Program Policy and Strategy held by ISSDP at W. Java Bappeda Office 16 15-16 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Kabupaten Pemalang, C. Java conducted by WASPOLA17 21 May 2007 Declaration of Gucialit Community's Freedom from Defecation in the Open at Dadapan village18 21 May 2007 ProAir Techn. Training for Publ Works officials at ABP Training Centre, Surabaya19 21-24 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Kabs. Konawe Selatan and Konawe conducted by WASPOLA20 21 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Kab. Pesisir Selatan, W. Sumatra by WASPOLA21 22-24 May 2007 WS on Basic Facilitator for W. Sumatra Province conducted by WASPOLA22 22-23 May 2007 MPA-PHAST Preparation in Makassar conducted by DG Rural Development and WASPOLA23 24 May 2007 WSS Talkshow: "Groundwater Pollution" at DAAI TV24 28-29 May 2007 Monev by ProAir Technical Team in Kab. Ende conducted by Dit Gen. PP&PL Dept Health25 28-30 May 2007 ToT for Strategy Plan Formulation for NTT Province held by WASPOLA26 29-30 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Kabupaten Bangka conducted by WASPOLA27 29 May 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Bukittinggi conducted by WASPOLA28 30-31 May 2007 Monev by ProAir Technical Team in Kab. Alor conducted by Dit Gen. PP&PL Dept Health29 04 June 2007 Kick Off Meeting WSLIC-2 Project held in Jakarta by Dit. Gen. PP&PL Dept Health30 5-11 June 2007 Visit of WSLIC-2 Supervision Mission to Provinces of E. Java, NTB, S. Sulawesi and W.Sulawesi by DG PP&PL Dept. Health31 6-7 June 2007 Finalising Strategy Plan Formulation for Kab. Tanah Datar, by WASPOLA32 8-9 June 2007 Meeting on WSS Development Plan at Cisarua conducted by WSS-WG33 11-15 June 2007 WS on Policy Review and Strategy Plan Formulation for Kab. Cilacap conducted by WASPOLA34 11-13 June 2007 Training on Strategy Plan Formulation for Kab. Konawe conducted by WASPOLA35 14-15 June 2007 Training on Strategy Plan Formulation for Kab. South Konawe conducted by WASPOLA36 12-15 June 2007 Technical Consultation Hygiene Environment Program and Evaluation of Health Kabutaen and Kota Makassar,

conducted by DG PP&PL Dept. Health 37 11-15 June 2007 CLTS Training for Kab. Tanah Datar conducted by Dit. Gen PP&PL Dept. Health38 18-23 June 2007 MPA-PHAST Training for National WSS-WG held in Makassar by Dit. Gen PMD Dept. Home Affairs39 18-22 June 2007 CWSHP Technical Training for the Province of Jambi held by Dept. Publ Works40 19-20 June 2007 WS for Strategy Plan Formulation for Kabupaten Bone Bolango conducted by WASPOLA41 20-22 June 2007 Indowater Expo & Forum at Jakarta Convention Centre held by Napindo Media Ashatama42 20 June 2007 Interactive Dialogue "Where Goes My Clean Water" at Jakarta Convention Centre held by Napindo Media Ashatama

within the framework of Indowater Expo and Forum 200743 25-29June 2007 Preparatory WWS thematic training for S. A. Tirtayasa University students prepared for field works44 25-29 June 2007 CWSHP Technical Training at Pontianak W. Kalimantan held by Dept. Publ Works45 29-30 June 2007 WS on synergy of WSLIC, UNICEF and WASPOLA in Sumbawa held by UNICEF

AGENDA

52 PercikJuly 2007

R E P O R TFIRST QUARTERLY REPORT 2007 ON PROGRESS OF COOP-ERATION BETWEEN BAPPENAS AND PLAN INDONESIA

Publisher: Bappenas - PlanIndonesia, 2007 (in Bahasa)

REPORT ON THE NATIONALCONFERENCE ON STRATEGYFOR CLTS DEVELOPMENTPublisher: Dept. of Health, 2006(in Bahasa)

INTEGRATED CITARUM WATERRESOURCES MANAGEMENTPROGRAM (ICWRMP)Publisher: Dept. Public Works,

2006

B O O KPROFILE OF MULTILATERAL FUNDINGINSTITUTION: UNITED NATIONSPublisher: Directorate ofMultilateral Foreign Funding.Bappenas 2006 (in Bahasa)

PROFILE OF MULTILATERALFUNDING INSTITUTION:WORLD BANKPublisher: Directorate ofMultilateral Foreign Funding.Bappenas 2006 (in Bahasa)

PROFILE OF MULTILATERALFUNDING INSTITUTION: ASIANDEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB)Publisher: Directorate of Multilateral ForeignFunding. Bappenas 2006 (in Bahasa)

PROFILE OF MULTILATERALFUNDING INSTITUTION:EUROPEAN UNIONPublisher: Directorate ofMultilateral Foreign Funding.Bappenas 2006 (in Bahasa)

PROFILE OF MULTILATERAL FUND-ING INSTITUTION:ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANKPublisher: Directorate ofMultilateral Foreign Funding.Bappenas 2006

MANAGING WATER IN THE HOME:ACCELERATED HEALTH GAINS FROMIMPROVED WATER SUPPLYPublisher: WHO, 2002

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM WITHCIVIL SOCIETY IN INDONESIA (CEP)Publisher: Secretariate of PKPM-BAPPENAS-JICA, 2004

WATER CRISIS: MYTH OR REALITY?Publisher: Taylor & Francis / Balkema, 2006

R E G U L A T I O N

GOVERNMENT REGULATION No. 20 OF 2006ON IRRIGATION

REGULATION OF MINISTRY OF FINANCE No.52/PMK.010/2006 ON PROCEDURE OFGRANT ALLOCATION TOTHE REGION

REGULATION OF MINISTRY OF FINANCENo. 53/PMK.010/2006 ON PROVISION OF CENTRALGOVERNMENT LOAN TO THE REGION WITH FUNDOBTAINED FROM FOREIGN LOAN

M A G A Z I N EPERCIK JUNIOR MAGAZINE,Edition II, April 2007

PERCIK MAGAZINE,April 2007 edition, English version

CSR REVIEW MAGAZINE,Vol. I No. 3, May-June 2007

CIPTA KARYA BULLETINNo. 4, Year V, April 2007

WSS BIBL IOGRAPHY