Commands

Solaris Commands For SA-I & SA-II

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SUN SOLARIS SA-I

S.No Commands Functions

1 ls | ls –l To list the files at current location 2 mkdir <name> To create a directory 3 cd <name> | cd .. For logging in to a directory 4 df | df –k To view disk free 5 du To view disk usage 6 cat > <file> Catenation – to create a file 7 pwd To view current location 8 rm <file>| rmdir | rm-r To remove file and directory 9 cp <file> <new name> To copy a file

10 mv <file> <path> To move a file and to rename 11 touch <file> To create a file 12 chmod < 777 > <file>

chmod u+w,g-r,o+w <file> To set permission | rwxrwxrwx =777 | owner group & other | i.e. : r=4 w=2 x=1 by total 7

13 clear To clear the screen 14 man <command> To view manual 15 bc Binary count 16 cal To view calculator 17 banner <content> To view banner 18 date To view date 19 find / -name <file> To find a specific file 20 grep <word> <file> To grep a word from a file 21 getent <admin file> <value> To search using specific entry in admin file 22 wc <file> To view word count 23 sort <file> To sort the content of a file 24 head -<100> <file> To list only the first <100> lines 25 tail -<100> <file> To list only the last <100> lines 26 ln <exist file> <new file> hard link – both file points the i-node

number, link count increases 27 ln –s _ for soft link If source is lost entire content is lost, L will

be at the front of filename 28 useradd –m –d <home dir>

<user name>| -u –g –G To create a user account | u-user id, g-pri. group, G-sec. group, m-mk dir, d-path

29 passwd <user name> To set password for an user 30 usermod |userdel <user> To modify and to delete a user account 31 groupadd –g <gid> <group> To create a new group |-o to reallocated gid 32 /usr/sadm/bin/smuser

add -- -n <user name> -u <uid> -g <gid> -d <home dir> -s /bin/ksh

To create a SM-User

33 /usr/sadm/bin/smuser modify -- -n <old user> -N <new user> -d <home dir> -s /bin/ksh

To modify a present user

34 /usr/sadm/bin/smuser delete -- -n <user name>

To delete a present user

35 smgroup | same as above 3 To create, modify and to delete a smgroup 36 smc& To invoke the SMC tool in GUI mode 37 umask <value 022> This value will make effect on permission

i.e “/etc/profile” | attains default – restarted 38 vi <file> To open a file through VI-Editor


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39 Prtconf To view system config–memory, peripheral 40 prstat –a To view the system process status 41 Psrinfo –v To view information about the processor 42 iostat -En |-xtc 5 To view the i/o device status 43 Sdtprocess To view the current system process status 44 sar <sec_1> <report_10> To view the system activity in average 45 kill <process id> To kill a process which is listed in prstat 46 Format To make slices in an hard disk 47 devfsadm –v To identify the hardware changes 48 devfsadm –C To invoke cleanup | then only –v fn works 49 newfs /dev/rdsk/c#t#d#s# To make a new file system on the disk 50 mount /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s#

/<mount point> To mount the new disk for use

51 Dmesg To view the diagnostic messages 52 Eeprom To view the environment messages 53 uname –m | -a To view the m/c name, version, archi. etc., 54 /usr/platform/”uname-m”/

sbin/prtdiag –v To view the entire system status includes memory, cpu, patches, os-version, etc.,

55 pkgadd –d <path> <pkg name> | -s spool

To install a package | if –s spool is used in btw_only copies the pkg to spool directory

56 pkgchk <pkg name> To check for error in a particular package 57 pkginfo <pkg name> To get info about package in local machine 58 pkgrm <pkg name> To remove a package from local machine 59 pkginfo |wc –l To check for number of packages installed 60 fstyp –v /dev/rdsk/ctd#s# To check for the current “minfree” value 61 tunefs –m #

/dev/rdsk/ctds To set minfree value i.e #% with that of root

62 fsck –o f,p /dev/rdsk/ctds# To run file system check | -o f, p for yes to all 63 fsck –o b=# /dev/rdsk/ctds To restore backup sup. Block|#-sup. Block 64 quot |-af root To view summarized FS ownership 65 mountall To mount all FS which have entry at vfstab 66 mountall –l To mount only the local FS listed in ‘vfstab’ 67 umount <mt pt> |/dev/dsk To unmount the mounted file system 1 by 1 68 umount -f ---do--- To unmount forcible | may affect data 69 Umountall To unmount all mounted FS includes N/W 70 umountall –l To unmount all locally mounted FS 71 fuser <mount pt> | -c or –cu To view any process is accessing the FS 72 fuser –ck <mt pt> To kill all process which access the FS 73 Volcheck To check whether the floppy is ready or not 74 /etc/init.d/volmgt start To start the volume mgt | to stop, give stop 75 mount –F hsfs –o r0

/dev/dsk/ct#d#s# /cdrom To mount a cdrom manually

76 mount –F pcfs /dev/diskette/pcfs

To mount a floppy drive manually

77 tar –xvf <file.tar> To uncompress a tar file 78 patchadd <patch> | -d To install a patch |–d is for no rollback 79 patchrm <patch> To uninstall and rollbacks the patch 80 init 0 To OK prompt 81 init 1 To single user mode 82 init 2 To multi user without network 83 init 3 To console – super user | multiuser with nfs 84 init 5 To shutdown the server 85 init 6 To restart the server 86 init s To single user mode


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87 shutdown –y –g <#> -i <run level number> <Message>

To shutdown the system |-y for interactive mode| # - grace time in seconds

88 Halt To switch over to OK prompt suddenly 89 poweroff | Reboot Alternate command to switch-off & restart 90 who –r To view the current run level 91 who | -a To view all logged-in users in the local sys 92 who –m To view the current user name alone 93 whoami | who I am To view effective user | To view actual user 94 rusers –l To identify all users logged in through n/w 95 finger |-m <username> To view the activity of the users 96 last | <username> To view full details for all users | record 97 last -n 5 reboot To view only the last five reboot activity 98 chown root : sys

/var/adm/loginlog To activate loginlog entry i.e. to note the failure login |you must create the directory

99 su <username> | su -<usern> To switch into another user | home dir – acti 100 chown <user> filename To change the ownership of a file|-R for dir 101 chmod 1777 <dir name> Sticky bit permission | user can access dir 102 chmod 4555 <exe file name> Users exe this file will get root privilege 103 chmod 2555 <exe file name> Group exe this file will get root privilege 104 lpadmin –d <prt name> To config a printer manually | -x to remove 105 lpstat –d To view the systems default printer 106 lp <file name> To give an print request 107 reject <prt name> To stop the queuing printer request 108 disable <prt name> To stop the printer 109 enable <prt name> To activate the printer 110 accept <prt name> To start the queuing printer request 111 /usr/lib/lpsched | lpshut

(or) /etc/init.d/lp start | stop To start the LP printer service | To stop the LP printer service

112 lp –d <prtname> <filename> To divert your printing job to a new printer 113 lpstat –a <prt name> To view the status of the printer 114 lpmove <fault prt> <nw prt> To divert one prt job to another printer 115 at <hh:mm> |at> job |ctrl d To assign job at AT schedule| ctrl d to close 116 crontab –e |-r to remove job To assign a job in crontab – it opens a editor 117 at -l & crontab –l To view the AT and crontab content 118 ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0n

/dev/dsk/c#t#d#s# To perform backup | 0-full backup, uupdate{/ etc/dump dates}, 0-drive or disk number i.e for incremental, n-no rewind

119 ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0 To restore the backup 120 ufsrestore i /dev/rmt/0 To view the list of files present in the tape 121 mt status |rewind |offline To view the status| To rewind | To eject 122 mt fsf count To move the tape forward count records 123 fssnap –F ufs –o

bs=/var/tmp /export/home To perform a snapshot backup which usually stores at /dev/fssnap/0

124 fssnap –i To display a list of snapshot ct avail in sys. 125 prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/ct0ds2 >

/<file> To store the structure of the given hard disk to an file through prtvtoc

126 fmthard –s /<file> /dev/rdsk/ct1ds2

To copy the structure from /<file> and to make available on the destiny hard disk


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Vi Editor Commands

S.No Commands Functions 1 vi <file name> To open vi editor for a specific file 2 Esc h To move the cursor left - command mode 3 Esc l To move the cursor right - command mode 4 Esc j To move the cursor down - command mode 5 Esc k To move the cursor up - command mode 6 Esc i To Enter into Insertion mode 7 Esc x | 4x To delete a character | deletes 4 character 8 Esc X | 4X To delete left i.e. Back-Space 9 Esc R To over-write a character

10 Esc o To insert a line below the cursor 11 Esc O To insert a line above the cursor 12 Esc u Undo 13 Esc G To move to the last line first character 14 Esc w To move word by word right 15 Esc b To move word by word left 16 Esc H To move to the first line of the current page 17 Esc M To move to the middle of the current page 18 Esc L To move to the last line of current page 19 Esc I To move to the beginning of the line &

append 20 Esc A To move to the end of the line & append 21 Esc dw To delete a word to the right 22 Esc dd To delete the current line completely 23 Esc yy To copy the current line – yanking 24 Esc p To paste the copied content 25 Esc yw To copy a word – cursor must be at the

starting 26 Esc J To join two separate line 27 Esc ~ To change the case i.e. upper to lower & V-

via 28 Esc : wq To save & quit a file – EX-command mode 29 Esc : wq! To save & quit a file forcibly 30 Esc : !sh To go to shell temp. & type Exit to come

back 31 Esc : r! <command> To add the output into the file 32 Esc : r <file name> To add the content of <file> into the current

file 33 Esc : q To quit the file without saving 34 Esc : q! To quit the file without saving – forcibly 35 Esc : w To save the file and continue working 36 Esc ZZ To save & quit the file 37 Esc : set nu To assign the number for the lines 38 Esc : set nonu To remove the assigned number for the lines 39 ctrl f Page down 40 ctrl b Page Up


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OK Prompt Commands

S.No Commands Functions 1 stop a To get into OK prompt 2 stop d For extensive post diagnostics 3 stop n To set default parameter |press until kbd led

flashes 4 boot cdrom To boot from cdrom 5 boot cdrom –s To boot and get into single user mode using

cdrom 6 boot –r To reconfigure |config result will be at

/reconfigure 7 Boot To boot through the default configuration 8 boot disk To boot via specified disk|devalias - entry

must exist 9 boot –s To get into the single user mode

10 boot –a For interactive booting 11 boot –v Detailed device information to the console 12 Help To get command details at OK prompt 13 Printenv To print the environment detail 14 setenv <prm> <val> To set environment for a specific parameter 15 reset-all To save the changes and followed by reboot 16 set-defaults To set the values to the manufacturers

setting 17 set-defaults <param> To set the value for a specific parameter

alone 18 probe-scsi | -ide To check for internal scsi/ide status 19 probe-scsi-all |-ide-all To check for internal & external scsi/ide

status 20 probe-fcall-all To check for fiber optics status 21 Devalias To view the alias name & to which its

mapped 22 nvalias <alias> <add> To add the alias and its physical address to

the list 23 nvunalias <alias> To remove an alias from the current list 24 show-disks To see the physical add of all drives i.e. sec

storage 25 .version To view the version, Ethernet address

details etc., 26 .speed To view cpu speed, bus speed, etc., 27 .enet-addr To view only the Ethernet address 28 Showdevs To view all the devices i.e. secondary

storage only 29 Banner To view the ip, mac add, subnet mask etc 30 watch-net To view the status of NIC card 31 watch-net-all To view the status of NIC and network cable


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Abbreviation

S.No Abbreviation Expansion – Purpose 1 Hme Network Interface Card 2 Qfe Quad Fast Ethernet 3 c0t0d0s0 Controller Target Disk Slice 4 Sparc Scalable Process Architecture 5 UFS Unix File System – for disk mgt 6 HSFS | under ufs High Sierra FS – for SCSI cdrom’s 7 PCFS | under ufs PC-DOS Formatted FS – for floopys 8 NFS | under Distributed FS Network File System – for network 9 TmpFS | under Pseudo FS Temp. FS – for avoid Overhead writing

10 SwapFS | under Pseudo FS Swap FS – for Kernel use 11 FDFS | under Pseudo FS File Descriptor FS – for explicit names 12 Explicit Name It’s the representative of Directory’s 13 ProcFS | under Pseudo FS Process FS –for currently running proc. 14 MntFS | under Pseudo FS Mount FS – for locally mounted FS

Important Locations

S.No Important Locations Purpose / Usage

1 /etc/profile umask value | profile during login 2 /etc/path_to_inst Physical address mapping - for kernel 3 /usr/bin/dmesg

/usr/sbin/dmesg Diagnostic message will be here dmesg _ shows the content of this files

4 /etc/default/kbd kbd –I _ To initialization above file

Put # before keyboard_abort=disable |this is for preventing stop A in console

5 /var/sadm/install/contents Contains details about installed packages 6 /var/spool/pkg Default location for adding a package 7 /var/sadm/pkg It has the currently installed package 8 /etc/vfstab _ Manual Entry Entries for mounting FS during booting 9 /etc/mnttab _ Auto Entry Entries for currently mounted FS

10 /var/sadm/patch It has the currently installed patches 11 /usr/bin Mostly all commands will be here 12 /var/adm/utmpx Who command reads this location Alone 13 /var/adm/wtmpx last -n command reads this location |

in case root is full then clear this file. 14 /var/adm/loginlog _ create it To view the failed login attempts 15 /etc/default/su To view the switching attempts | For this

remove # in console= /dev/console and put # in more /var/adm/sulog

16 /etc/default/login_ edit this file for root logging restrictions | If PASSREQ=no then null password for root

If #console=/dev/console _ remote root login is allowed, if no # _ only through single machine, if console=<blankspace> then root cant be logged anywhere

17 /etc/ftpd/ftpusers Users listed here are not allowed for ftp 18 /var/spool/lp It holds the request and the print Queue 19 /var/lp/logs It holds the history of the printer jobs 20 /etc/lp It has the LP server configuration 21 /etc/hosts _ manual entry contains IP and hostnames of sys. In n/w 22 /etc/cron.d/at.deny|cron.allow To restrict users from using AT & Cron


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Hints & Purposes

S.No Commands Functions 1 Host Bus Adopter All harddisk will have a common HBA 2 Max 7 Slices Only 7 slices are possible in a hard disk 3 Slice S2 – Back Up Points entire disk – cant be changed or used 4 SUNWCxall Entire Distribution with OEM support 64 bit 5 SUNWCall Entire Distri 64 bit – no 3rd party support 6 SUNWCprog Developer Sys Supp –only manuals & network 7 SUNWCuser End User Sys Supp – limited network support 8 SUNWCreg Core Sys Support – no network 9 Web Installation 1st Installation CD then 1 of 2 CD & 2 of 2 CD

10 JumpStart Installation Installing the OS through network 11 Vi Editor – 3 Modes Command, Insert and Ex-Command Mode 12 OE file system Disk based(ufs), Distributed(nfs) &

Pseudo(swap) 13 File Types – 4 types Regular, directories, symbolic link & device files 14 Device naming Logical, physical(actual) & instance(kernal)

name 15 Sd n | dad n For scsi | ide n-number – instance name 16 NV Ram – EEPROM Removable chip, inbuilt Lithium battery, host id 17 # before any line in a file This makes that particular line or process

inactive 18 what happens during the

Booting of Sun System

Post, generic devi ce drivers, loads config done by admin, other default parameter, then OS files

19 Backup Superblock It resides at several areas of disk| for restoration 20 Cylinder group – size Default size is 16 cylinders per group 21 Boot block – active for ‘/’ Boot strap program resides here – 15 disk sector 22 Pointer types Direct Pointer and Indirect Pointer 23 “Minfree” Value It’s the space utilized by the operating sys in root 24 Preen During sys boot fsck runs at Non Intractive mode 25 Vol Mgr -/etc/vold.conf Automatically mounts the cdrom and floopy 26 105050-01 patch name 105050 is base code & 01 is the revision number 27 sys wide & user environ While user logs this files get executed by shell 28 Restoresymtable This is a image file of tape formed in hard disk 29 /etc/hosts It is an link to /etc/inet/hosts 30 /opt Common location for utilities and 3rd party tools 31 RSC Remote System Console |consist of serial, n/w

mgt port and modem 32 LOM Light Out Management | consists of only serial

port and not a part of OS. 33 ALOM Advanced LOM | Consists of serial port and a

part of OS and also an n/w mgt port. 34 SCC System Controller Card | nvram data are stored

here its an removable card – resp’ble for booting 35 KVM switch Keyboard Video Mouse switch |common unit 36 Part Number Identity Number 300-4250 |product-exact no/.


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Shell Sys-wide Initialization files

Primary user initialization files read at login

User Initialization files read when a new shell is started

Shell path name

Bourne /etc/profile $home/.profile /bin/sh Korn /etc/profile $home/.profile

$home/.kshrc $home/.kshrc /bin/ksh

C /etc/.login $home/.profile $home/.cshrc

$home/.cshrc /bin/csh

Default User Initialization File

Shell Initialization file templates User initialization files Bourne /etc/skel/local.profile $home/.profile Korn /etc/skel/local.profile $home/.profile C /etc/skel/local.cshrc

/etc/skel/local.login $home/.cshrc $home/.login

Steps Involved In Restoring Root From Tape ok boot cdrom –s $ newfs /dev/rdsk/ c0t0d0s0 $ mount /dev/dsk/ c0t0d0s0 /a $ cd /a $ ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0 $ cd /usr/platform/”uname-m”/lib/fs/ufs $ installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 $ umount /a $ fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

usr/bin -> for all users usr/sbin -> only for root


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SUN SOLARIS SA-II

S.No Abbreviation Expansion – Purpose

1 sys-unconfig _ sys restarts To get into the network config. Section 2 ifconfig –a To view ip, mac add, subnet mask,etc status 3 ifconfig hme0 <ip#> netmask

<netmask#> up To assign IP address, netmask and as well as to make the network up

4 ifconfig hme0 up | down To enable network interface | disable 5 snoop <source ip> <dest. ip> To capture and inspect the network pkgs 6 rpcinfo –p | <hostname> To list the registered RPC services 7 rpcinfo –d <prog no> version

| pkill-HUP inetd To delete a RPC service registration | To reactivate your service again

8 etc/init.d/init.wbem status | start | stop

To view the status of the SMC service |To start service | To stop service

9 Smc To open SMC 10 smc edit To open SMC toolbox editor 11 pagesize | default is 8192 b To view the size of memory page 12 /var/sadm/smc/toolboxes/smc/

smc.tbx & /var/sadm/smc/toolboxes/ this_computer/this_computer.tbx

Default location for SMC toolbar smc edit command will make effect on this two files

Introduction To IP - Version IV

/etc/rcS.d/S30network.sh _solaris 8|/etc/rcS.d/S30rootusr.sh _sol 7 & below During booting of sys these files get exe. This uses ifconfig utility & searches etc/hostname.xxn to identify instance |xx _ hme/nic /etc/inet/hosts _ this can be used instead of DNS, NIS, NIS+. It contains ip, hostname, nickname, comments.

Starting server processes : To start and stop any event at starting

During the booting of system, the inetd daemon starts few services [ like NIS, TCP-IP, DNS, etc. ] which are not automatically start at boot time. We can view the list of services that were started by inetd are at /etc/rc2.d/S72inetsvc. Apart from this file the inetd consults the /etc/inetd.conf to find the service to activate. In order to stop any event init just put # before the service in the /etc/rc2.d/S72inetsvc and then execute pkill-HUP inetd command for instant effect.

Six important files responsible for the network

Files Pattern of Entry (or) content in the file /etc/nodename Hostname of the server eg: bomexport /etc/hostname.xxn Hostname of the service or server /etc/inet/hosts All IP address and hostname of other servers /etc/net/ticlts/hosts Hostname of the server twice – transport layer independent /etc/net/ticots/hosts Hostname of the server twice – transport layer independent /etc/net/ticotsord/hosts Hostname of the server twice – transport layer independent Either edit these files or else give sys-unconfig in order to configure the network


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SWAP Expansion #swap –s _ to display the virtual swap area #swap –l _ to display the physical swap area Adding swap space by slice: _ create a slice of required size in hard-disk _ add the entry for that slice in /etc/vfstab for an permanent effect _ swap –a /dev/dsk/c#t#d#S# | to activate the swap space Adding swap space by file: _ #mkfile <size#> <mount point> _ #swap –a /<path of above file> | to activate the swap file _ #also add an entry in the /etc/vfstab for an permanent effect e.g: export/swapfile -- -- swap -- no -- Removing a swap space: _ #swap –d <path of swap area> _ this is to de-activate the swap area _ remove the entry from the /etc/vfstab _ delete the slice or file to free the utilized space

Crash Dump

#dumpadm _ its to activate the crash dump device for the fore-coming fault Procedure to read the crash message: _ cd /var/crash/”uname-n”/ -> log-into this location _ mdb unix.# vmcore.# | mdb or adb when you execute above command the prompt will change as below

> |when prompt is as shown > ::status > $c > $q |to quit the prompt

when there is no prompt type $p> then you will get the prompt as >

NFS - Network File System _ Allows the multiple computers to use the same file, to reduce storage cost, provide data consistency & reliability. _ NFS daemon starts only when the system enters the run level 3

S.No Command Operation 1 /etc/init.d/nfs.server start | stop To start & stop the NFS service manually 2 share –F nfs –o <ro/rw>

<path> To share a file for NFS service

3 mount –F nfs <hostname>: <path> <mount point>

To mount the shared file

4 unshare –F nfs <path> To unshared a file from NFS service 5 shareall -F nfs To share all resources listed in

/etc/dfs/dfstab 6 unshareall –F nfs To un-share all resources listed as above 7 dfshares –F nfs <host> To display the currently shared NFS 8 dfmounts -F nfs <host> To display the NFS mounted resources 9 mountall -r -F nfs To mount all remote file resources

10 umountall -r -F nfs To un-mount all remote file resources

S.No Command Operation 1 /etc/dfs/dfstab Local resources that as to share at boot time 2 /etc/dfs/sharetab Currently shared local resources – auto entry 3 /etc/dfs/fstypes Default file-system for remote file system 4 /etc/rmtab FS that remotely mounted by NFS – auto entry 5 /etc/dfs/nfslog.conf NFS logging configuration file 6 /etc/default/nfslogd Configuration files for the nfslogd daemon


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Syslog functions - configuring system messaging

The syslogd daemon and the input from /etc/syslog.conf files work together to facilitate the syslog messaging for the OE It can write message to the system log , centralized log host , messaging a user or at the system console. For this put the entry in /etc/syslog.conf file. The entries are the type of error [ i.e. user.err ] and the action field [ i.e. /filename _ the target file, @host _ for specific host, user _ for specific user, * _ for all logged in users ] Daemons involved: /etc/rc2.d/S74 syslog # /etc/init.d/syslog start | stop _ this is to start and stop the daemon.

Auto FS

_ It provides an automatic mounting using NFS protocol _ Its an client side service Components of auto-mount facility: Auto FS file system, Auto-mountd daemon, Auto-mount command , Auto FS file system mount-point is defined in the auto-mount maps on the client system. Configuring Master Map: For all types of auto sharing methods the entry must be here. Hence this remains the base entry for all sharing methods. Edit /etc/auto_master

----------------------entries------------------- +auto_master # +_ indicates that consider automountd daemon /home auto_home -browse, (or) -nobrowse <mount point> <map name> <mount options> #- browse _ allow the users to view the mount-point

-------------------------------------------------- #automount _ reactivate the above file again Then shared resources get mounted below the /home/<auto_home – file mount point> Direct map entries: This map is only for general directory’s, and common sharing files (eg: softwares). In case 1 server is down then it can be get from other. Edit /etc/auto_direct

----------------------entries------------------- /usr/share/man -ro, soft ser1, ser2, ser3:/usr/share/man <local mnt pt> <permission> <hostname>:<path> #/- auto_direct -ro _ this entry in auto_master

-------------------------------------------------- #automount _ reactivate the above file again Indirect Map Entries: This mapping is for user home directories and for their files. Edit /etc/auto_home

----------------------entries------------------- magi server_primary:/export/home/babu <local mnt pt> <hostname>:<home dir path> #/home auto_home -nobrowse _ this entry in auto_master

-------------------------------------------------- procedure: _ Create the account for the user in both the servers with same UID & GID _ Put the entry for auto_home as shown above for a desired user e.g. babu _ # passwd –h babu | in secondary server (/export/home/babu)? /home/magi | change the home dir as desired _ # cd /home/magi |in sec server to enter into the pri servers home dir. After all this files are edited just type #automount -t <time#> -v this is to activate the desired mountpoint. If time is mentioned in –t then upto that time the FS remains mounted when its not in use.


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After all this files are edited just type #automount -t <time#> -v this is to activate the desired mountpoint. If time is mentioned in –t then upto that time the FS remains mounted when its not in use.

RBAC - Role Based Access Control

This is to assign a specific role for a specific user. For these process four files comes into picture. They are

/etc/user_attr /etc/security/prof_attr /etc/security/exec_attr /etc/security/auth_attr

Example: assign a role of shut down , for a specific user _ #roleadd –u 500 –g 10 –m –d /export/home/role_shut role_shut _ create a role named roleshut _ vi /etc/security/prof_attr profile_shut ::: able to shutdown the system_comment: |creating profile _ # rolemod -P profile_shut , all role_shut |adding profile to the role _ verify that the role is included in the etc/user_attr _ #useradd -u 200 -g 10 –m –d /export/home/user_shut –R role_shut user_shut | this is to create a user and assigning the desired role _ #passwd user_shut _ #grep user_shut /etc/user_attr | to check the role attribute for the user _ #vi /etc/security/exec_attr profile_shut : suser : cmd : : : /usr/sbin/shutdown : uid=0 |bold area is the location of the shutdown command this must be searched manually and entered here. | This is to assign the shutdown command to the profile. This is how to assign a role for a specific user . How the user shutdown the system using this role: _ first login as the user _ $profiles | this is to list the various RBAC profiles that he associated _ $role | this is to list the various roles that he associated _ $su role_shut _ $/usr/sbin/shutdown –i 5 –g 0 |now the system will go down

Name Server

Name service switching files Location Local files /etc/nsswitch.files DNS /etc/nsswitch.dns NIS /etc/nsswitch.nis NIS+ /etc/nsswitch.nisplus LDAP /etc/nsswitch.ldap

DNS & LDAP

DNS and LDAP configuration were similar to NIS only service activation command and configuration files vary. #ldapclient _ for ldap client activation |#ldapclient uninit_ un-configure ldap.


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NIS The NIS maps are located at /var/yp/domainname/<host>.byname.pag |& .dir Similarly /var/yp/domainname/<host>.byaddr.pag |& .dir Daemons used: ypserv, ypbind, rpc.yppasswdd, ypxfrd, rpc.updated All five are utilized by server and only first two by clients. Through NIS service a centralized user-account can be provided. Configuring a machine as the NIS master server : _ #cp /etc/nsswitch.nis / etc/nsswitch.conf _ #domainname accel.com _ #touch /etc/defaultdomain _ #domainname > /etc/defaultdomain _ #cd /etc _ #touch ethers bootparams locale timezone netgroup netmasks _ #ypinit -m _ To initialize the master server _ #/usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart _ To start the NIS daemons Configuring a machine as the NIS client : The steps were same as above but instead of ypinit –m give ypinit –c to start client service and also put the server IP entry in the /etc/hosts.

ACL - Access Control List

It provides greater data access control for each file. Permission for a specific user is also possible using ACL. Syntax: setfacl {entry type : UID or GID : permission } owner [u] user name R,W,X group [g] group name other [o] uid/gid

Command Usage getfacl < file name > To see the present FACL entry setfacl –s <new entry> <existing file> setfacl –s u::rwx,g::rw-,o::r--,m:7 file1

To set a permission for existing file | m_ to set mask value

getfacl file1 | setfacl –f – file2 Copies file permission from f1-f2 setfacl –d u:root:7 file1 To delete an entry from a file setfacl –m u:root:7 file1 Adding one by one entry in a file setfacl -r -m u:user:7 file1 rewrites mask in accordance to user

Root Mirroring

_ create a slice of 50mb for state database ||let it be slice 7 i.e. s7 _ #prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 | fmthard –s - /dev/rdsk/c#t#d0s2 _ #metadb -afc3 c0t0d0s7 c0t#d0s7 c#t#d0s7 || To create 3 replicas in each state db | 3 hard-disk because (n/2)+1 replicas _ #metadb -i ||To check for status _ #metainit -f d10 1 1 c0t0d0s0 ||To create primary sub-mirror _ #metastat _ #metainit -f d20 1 1 c0t#d0s0 ||To create secondary sub-mirror _ #metainit d50 -m d10 || mapping to main mirror _ #metaroot d50 ||To put an auto entry in vfs tab _ reboot the system now # init 6 _ #metattach d50 d20 ||resynchronization starts now Replacing the defective disk in case of failure : # metareplace <defective disk c#t#d#s#> <newly attached disk c#t#d#s#> Breaking the Mirror : _ #metadetach d50 d20 ||breaking secondary sub-mirror _ #metaroot /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 ||role-back the vfs entry _ #init 6 _ #metaclear -r d50 ||removing main mirror _ #metaclear d20 ||removing secondary mirror _ #metadb -d -f c0t0d0s7 c0t#d0s7 c#t#d0s7 ||removing the replicas


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Hot Spare with Mirror Meta Device It’s not applicable for mounted file system i.e. for root. Consider c1 and c2 are the two disks for this c3 be the hot spare let it be the scenario. In this if c1 & c2 are in mirror if any one goes down then c3 will come into picture. _ create a slice of 50mb for state database ||let it be slice 7 i.e. s7 _ #metadb -afc3 c1t0d0s7 c2t0d0s7 c3t0d0s7 || To create 3 replicas _ #metahs -hsp001 c3t0d0s1 ||To create the hot spare _ #metainit d13 1 1 c1t0d0s1 ||To create primary sub-mirror _ #metainit d23 1 1 c2t0d0s1 ||To create secondary sub-mirror _ #metaparam -h hsp001 d13 ||Assigning hot spare to sub-mirror _ #metaparam -h hsp001 d23 ||Assigning hot spare to sub-mirror _ #metainit d150 -m d13 ||Mapping to main mirror _ #metattach d150 d23 ||To synchronize the sub mirrors _ #newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d150 ||Making new file system _ #mkdir /mirror ||Create a directory for mounting _ #mount /dev/md/rdsk/d150 /mirror ||mount the partition Let us consider c2 goes down in above scenario so hot spare (c3) will be there in the role or c2 then replace the disk c2 by new one and follow the procedure _ #metareplace -e d150 c2t0d0s1 ||To switch back hard-disk from c3 to c2 _ #metahs -e c3t0d0s4 || To re-enable the hot-spare c3 once again

RAID – 5 With Hot Spare Let c1, c2 & c3 be the 3 disk in which s1 of all disk are under raid-5. The s3 of disk c2 & c3 be the hot-spare which acts during the failure of s1. Let it be the scenario. _ create a slice of 50mb for state database ||let it be slice 7 i.e. s7 _ #metadb -afc2 c1t0d0s7 c2t0d0s7 c3t0d0s7 || To create 2 replicas _ #metahs -a -hsp009 c2t0d0s3 c3t0d0s3 ||To create the hot spare _ #metainit d101 -r c1t0d0s1 c2t0d0s1 c3t0d0s1 _ #metaparam -h hsp009 d101 _ #newfs /dev/md/dsk/d101 ||Making new file system _ #mkdir /raid5dir ||Create a directory for mounting _ #mount /dev/md/rdsk/d101 /raid5dir ||mount the partition In case if any disk fails & hot-spare comes into picture then replace the disk, then _ #metareplace -e d <the disk that has replaced c#t#d#s#> _ #metahs -e <hot spare disk that has to be reactivated c#t#d#s#>

Disk Set -- adding Soft Slices Maximum of 128 soft slices can be created in a disk set. To change the default number of soft slice edit “md.conf” & then change the value to “nmd=128” Steps Involved in creating a soft slice : _ metaset -s <share name> -a c#t1d# c#t3d#| adding share name for storage _ metaset -s <share name> -a -h <node name>|assigning system to storage _ metaset -s <share name> <replica_d500> 1 1 /dev/dsk/ c#t1d#s#|replica _ metaset -s <share name> <replica_d501> 1 1 /dev/dsk/ c#t3d#s#|replica _ newfs /dev/md/<share name>/rdsk/<d500> | similarly for d501 _ metainit -s <share name> <soft_slice_d555> -p <d500> <size_gb>| only this command is for the soft slice rest is only to create a disk-set. Steps Involved in creating a Disk-Set : Repeat the above steps one by one the only changes are add the another servers node name also at the end of second command. If soft slice required then provide the last command or else leave it. When the control of diskset is need by the other node server the type this system from the system which is requesting for service, # metaset -s <share name> -r |this is for request # metaset -s <share name> -t |this is when the another node is down # metaset -s <share name> -t -f |takes the control forcibly this can be given when the next system is up but after this the main node will go to a panic state


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Steps Jump Start Installation 1 Configure the NIS master sever first

#cp /etc/nsswitch.nis / etc/nsswitch.conf #domainname accel.com #touch /etc/defaultdomain #domainname > /etc/defaultdomain #cd /etc #touch ethers bootparams locale timezone netgroup netmasks #ypinit -m -> To initialize the master server #/usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypstart -> To start the NIS daemons

2 Edit /etc/ethers and add the following entries #vi /etc/ethers --------------------entry--------------------- < MAC add of destination sys_8:0:20:95:f0:d0:> <server host name> -------------------------------------------------

3 Edit /etc/hosts and add the following entries #vi /etc/hosts --------------------entry--------------------- 200.100.50.1 accel.com loghost timehost 200.100.50.2 <host name> 200.100.50.3 <host name> -------------------------------------------------

4 Edit /etc/netmasks and add the following entries #vi /etc/netmasks --------------------entry--------------------- 200.100.50.0 255.255.255.0 -------------------------------------------------

5 Edit /etc/timezone and add the following entries #vi /etc/timezone --------------------entry--------------------- US/mountain accel.com -------------------------------------------------

6 Edit /etc/locale and add the following entries #vi /etc/locale --------------------entry--------------------- accel.com en-us -------------------------------------------------

7 Update the NIS maps #cd /var/yp #usr/ccs/bin/make

8 #mkdir /jump ||create a directory to copy jump start files – size 2gb 9 Insert Solaris CD - 1/2

#cd /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_8/Tools #./setup_install_server /jump

10 Insert Solaris CD - 2/2 #cd /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_8/Tools #./setup_install_server /jump

11 Copy the sample jumpstart scripts from Solaris CD – 1/2 to /jump #cd /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_8/Misc/jumpstart_sample #cp -r * /jump

12 Create system identification details #cd /jump #mkdir sysidcfg-dir #cd sysidcfg-dir #mkdir <hostname of system to which we have to run jump start>


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#cd <hostname of system to which we have to run jump start> #vi sysidcfg -------------------------entries----------------------------- system_locale=en_US timezone=US/Central terminal=xterms name_service=NONE timeservice=<servers IP 200.100.50.1> security_policy=NONE network_interface=hme0 {hostname=<host name of destination> ip_address=<destini IP> netmask=<destini mask> protocol_ipv6=no} -----------------------------------------------------------

13 Create the profile file # cd /jump # vi .profile --------------------------entry---------------------------- install_type initial_install system_type server partitioning explicit filesys c0t0d0s0 3000 / filesys c0t0d0s1 750 swap (note: you can create other slices if required) geo N_America cluster SUNWCall (entire distribution) (optional: you can add additional packages if required using the command: package <packagename> add -----------------------------------------------------------

14 Add the entry in rules file # cd /jump # vi rules -------------------------entry----------------------------- any - - .profile – -----------------------------------------------------------

15 Validate the rules.ok file # ./check

16 Add the client # cd /jump/Solaris_8/Tools # ./add_install_client –c <destination server hostname>:/jump –p <destination server hostname>:/jump/sysidcfg-dir/e450 e450 sun4u

17 Edit the /etc/dfs/dfstab file # vi /etc/dfs/dfstab -------------------------entry----------------------------- share –F nfs –o ro,anon=0 /jump -----------------------------------------------------------

18 Update the NIS maps once again # cd /var/yp # /usr/ccs/bin/make

19 19. To start the jumpstart installation Go to destination server and from there you just give the following command form OK: prompt

20 Ok : boot net – install


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Remote Access Put a “+” or “user name” in the “.rhost” file at home directory or else in /etc location so that users from other system can login to the local system remotely.

Command Function rcp <host name>:<path> <destiny> Remote copy rlogin Remote login lllar to telnet rsh <host name> mt staus To utilize the other system h/w |tape

Hints Purpose

Well-known ports Ranges upto 1024 _ located at /etc/inet/services Dynamic ports From 1025 to 65535_ at /etc/inet/services

Veritas Volume Manager

Installation : Insert Veritas cd & goto the package location and give pkgadd –d . ,after adding the package just give #vxinstall this is to start installation of the veritas. Then it will ask few question give appropriate answer for it. At any-cost don’t do the encapsulation this process is to add the root hard disk under veritas. Daemons Used : vxconfigd , vxiod – i/o operation, vxrelocd – hot relocation Disk Group : Collection of physical disk which were under veritas Volume (V) : Collection of disk is said to be as a volume. Plux (Pl) : Volumes were subdivided into pluxes. Maximum 32 plux in a volume & at least 1 plux per volume. Subdisk (Sd) : Each and ever Plux is subdivided into a subdisk. All subdisk within a volume must fall under a same Disk Group.

Commands Functions Vxprint To view the status of VxVM Vxdiskadm To view the Vx menu |press q – quit vxassist make <con1> <size> newfs /dev/vx/rdsk/<con1>

To create concatenation | con1 is the name of concate | mount & use it

vxvol stop <con1> vxedit -rf rm <con1>

To remove the concatenation |-rf rm – remove forcibely, remove volume.

vxassist make <str1> <size> layout=stripe

To create stripe of desired size | run newfs and mount the device

vxvol stop <str1> vxedit -rf rm <str1>

To remove the stripe |-rf rm – remove forcibely, remove volume.

vxassist mirror rootvol vxassist mirror swapvol

To create root mirror|don’t run newfs |run encapsulation here – vxdiskadm

vxplex -o –rm dis <rootvol-02> vxplex -o –rm dis <swapvol-02> /etc/vx/bin/vxunroot

To break the root mirror | don’t give <rootvol-01> at any-cost it will crash the system

vxassist make <mirror> <size> layout=mirror

To create a data mirror | run newfs and mount the device

vxvol stop <mirror> vxplex -o –rm dis <mirror>

To break the data mirror

vxassist make <raid5> <size> layout=raid5

To create disk space for Raid 5

vxvol stop <raid5> vxplex -o –rm dis <raid5>

To break the Raid 5

vxdctl stop vxiod -f set0 init 6

To stop the VxVm daemon To terminate the i/o operation Restart & uninstall veritas using cd


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SUN CLUSTER Required Components: Terminal Concentrator, Cluster host, Storage array, Public network, Administrative workstation – sun cluster console software SUNWccon It won’t support multiple connections from a same server to a single storage box. Topologies: Clustered Pair Topology, N+1 Topology, Pair + N topology. Clustered Pair Topology : If two are more pairs of nodes operating under a single cluster administrative framework. In this the Nodes are configured in pairs-two, four, six or eight nodes N+1 Topology : This is providing one system to act as the back-up for the other system in the group. Pair + N topology : It is adding or including a pair of cluster in an existing cluster pair only for the purpose of storage sharing. In this there is no direct connection between them. NOTE: Once cluster is installed the init command won’t work to shutdown the system use # scshutdown -y g <grace period in minuter ##>

Configuration steps of sun cluster 3.0 Steps involved : _ Install Disk Suit _ Change SCSI Initiator ID _ Initial Installation - Sun Cluster Software Installation _ Configuring Quorum device _ Disk Set using Disk Suit _ Data Service Configuration Changing SCSI Initiator ID : { do this steps only in any one server node } Ok: probe-scsi-all | To view the physical disk path of the hard disk | note this for disk set Ok: nvedit 0: probe-all install-console banner 1: cd < physical path or external hard disk_@1f,2000/scsi@1> 2: 6 “ scsi-initiator-id” integer-property 3: device-end 4: cd < physical path or external hard disk_@1f,2000/scsi@1> 5: 6 “ scsi-initiator-id” integer-property 6: device-end 7: banner < to save press ctrl c > Ok: nvstore Ok: setenv use-nvramrc? true Ok: setenv auto-boot? true Ok: reset-all Ok: cd < physical path or external hard disk_@1f,2000/scsi@1> Ok: .properties | This is to view the changed SCSI initiator ID Creating Slices : { do this step in all the servers/nodes } For an sun cluster 4 slices are important they are root, swap, /globaldevices, 50mb for replica. Edit /etc/host : { do this step in all the servers/nodes }

-----------------------entry----------------------- <server ip address> <host name> <server ip address> <host name> <service/logical ip address> <service/logical name_nfs-server> | its virtual IP

---------------------------------------------------- Assigning Logical or Virtual IP Address For the Service : { do in all servers/nodes } # ifconfig hme0:1 plumb # ifconfig hme0:1 <service ip address> netmask <netmask> up # init6 | restart all the nodes in a same instant Cluster Installation : { do in all servers/nodes } # cd /cdrom/cdrom0/SunCluster_3.0/Tools


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# ./scinstall | A installation menu will appear in that provide all the details Create and Edit /.rhosts : { do in all servers/nodes }

-----------------------entry----------------------- <server’s node name> <server’s node name>

---------------------------------------------------- (or) Add root users to the sysadmin group i.e. /etc/group { do in all servers/nodes } Entry : sysadmin::14::root | add this entry in /etc/group Install the required patches such as 110648-33,111488-08,112108-07and Restart Edit /etc/profile : add following entry { do in all servers/nodes }

-----------------------entry----------------------- PATH=/usr/bin::/usr/sbin::/usr/cluster/bin export PATH

MANPATH=/usr/cluster/man export MANPATH ----------------------------------------------------

Configure the Quorum Device : { do in any one servers/node } | for voting purpose # scdidadm -L | to see the DID instance name on the storage box

# scsetup continue (y/n) :y Quorum device : <DID instance name> Add another quorum device (y/n) :n Reset installmode (y/n) :y

Or

# scconf -a -q globaldev=d9 # scconf -c -q reset # scstat -q | to see status

Disk Set Configuration Steps : { do in all servers/node } Install Disk Suit from Solaris 2 of 2 CD and then create state db replica. # metaset -s <disk set name> -a -h <host name_ser1> <host name_ser2> # metaset -s <disk set name> -a /dev/did/rdisk/<DID instance name> Creating Concate / Stribes : { do in all servers/node } # metainit -s <disk set name> <d99> 1 1 /dev/did/rdsk/<DID instance name>s0 # newfs /dev/md/<disk set name>/rdsk/<d99> # mkdir /global/nfs # mount -g /dev/md/<disk set name>/dsk/<d99> /global/nfs Edit /etc/vfstab : for permanent entry { do in all servers/node } /dev/md/<disk set name>/dsk/<d99> /dev/md/<disk set name>/rdsk/<d99> /global/nfs ufs 2 yes global,logging | 2 is for no-run fsck at boot NAFO – Network Adaptor Fail Over - for public n/w management In case of failure of the network adaptor which is responsible for public network then due to this also the public can’t able to access the server, in order to avoid that we can provide a standby adaptor and that has to be configured in NAFO to take charge. # pnmstat -l | To view the status # pnmset | To creat NAFO continue (y/n) :y Number NAFO backup groups : 1 Group Number :0 | i.e nafo0 Enter adaptor names : <hme0 hme1>


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Data Service Configuration : Services like apache, oracle, dns, iws etc., Insert sun cluster 2nd CD & give ./scinstall and then choose 4 for adding support for data service. In case of nfs select it and quit and then add required patched for the service eg. 111555- 07 and then restart the system by scshutdown -y -g0 Resource Group Manager (RGM) : { do in any one servers/node } Responsible for controlling the starting and stoping of resource group on selected nodes of the cluster. # cd /global/nfs # mkdir admin data # cd admin # mkdir SUNW.nfs # cd SUNW.nfs # touch dfstab.<resource group name> # chmod 777 /global/nfs/data Edit dfstab.<resource group name>

-----------------------entry----------------------- share -F nfs -o rw /global/nfs/data

----------------------------------------------------

Register the Appropriate Resource type (NFS) : # scrgadm -a -t SUNW.nfs # scrgadm -a -g <resource group name_nfs-server-rg> -h <all node name> -y path prefix=/global/nfs/admin # scrgadm -a -L -j <resource name_ nfs-server-rf> -g < resource group name_nfsserver- rg > -l <logical add_nfs-server> # scrgadm -a -j <resource name_ nfs-server-rf> -g < resource group name_nfs-server-rg > -t SUNW.nfs Enabling & Bringing Resources Online : # scswitch -Z -g nfs-server-rg # scrgadm -a -L -g < resource group name_nfs-server-rg > -l <logical name_nfs-server> -n <nafo0@e450, nafo1@e250> | To associate pubic n/w mgt with resource group Disabling nfs resources : # scswitch -n -M -j <resource name_ nfs-server-rf> Enabling nfs resources : # scswitch -e -M -j <resource name_ nfs-server-rf> # scstat -g | To view the status # scrgadm -p | To view the resource type, group, installed resources etc., In Client Side : _ Create a mount point # mkdir suncluster _ Mount the directory # mount <logical host_nfs-server>:/global/nfs/data/suncluster _ Edit /etc/hosts _ entry is <logical ip address> <logical name> To Manually switch the service from one node to the another : # scswitch -z -h <node which has to made active> -g <resource group name>


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FLASH Installation Flash installation is getting and saving the network configuration & setting of your system to an existing extra disk. In case of any failure in your system you put the extra disk in some other machine and restore the configuration by locating it while reinstallation of OS on your system. #flarcreate -n <archive_name> -a <author name> -R / -x </var/tmp> </flashdisk/file.archive – path in the destiny disk> _ To create a flash archive.

Installing Explorer & Getting Explorer Output _ Get the SUNWexplo from CD or online _ Install it by placing it in /opt location _ To get the explorer output goto /opt/SUNWexplo/bin & give explorer -i _ Then output of explorer will be in the same location or in output directory. The file name will be explorer.<host id>.<hostname>-<date>.tar.gz _ If you want to read the content execute suncheckup for further details.

Technology

Commands