Chapters 1 4

Chapter One:Chapter One: Universals of Interpersonal Communication Universals of Interpersonal Communication

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TheInterpersonal

Communication Book 11th Ed.

Joseph A. DeVitoJoseph A. DeVito

Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon 2

Chapter 1: Universals of Interpersonal Communication

Areas of Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Interaction

Health Communication

Family Communication

Intercultural Communication

Business and Organizational

Social and Personal Relationships

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Interpersonal Communication is EverydayTalking to Others

Giving/Receiving Compliments

Making New Friends

Asking for a Date

Instant Messaging Mic

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Maintaining and Repairing Relationships

Breaking Off Relationships

Applying for Jobs

Giving Directions

Persuading a Supervisor

Interpersonal Communication is Everyday

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Dyadic Primacy

Dyadic Coalitions

Dyadic Consciousness

Nature of Interpersonal Communication

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Often Face-to-Face

Online

Email

Mailing List Groups

Instant Messaging

Chat Groups

Forms of Interpersonal Communication

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Source-Receiver

Encoding-Decoding

Messages

Feedback Messages

Elements of Interpersonal Communication



Elements of Interpersonal CommunicationTypes of Feedback Positive-Negative Person Focused-Message Focused

Immediate-Delayed Low-Monitoring-High Monitoring

Supportive-Critical




Functions of Feedforward

Open Channels of Communication

Preview a Message

Disclaim

Altercast




Message Overload

Channel

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Elements of Interpersonal CommunicationTypes of Noise

Physical

Physiological

Psychological

Semantic

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Context Physical Dimension

Social-Psychological Dimension

Cultural Context

Ethics

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Purposes of Interpersonal CommunicationTo Learn

To Relate

To Influence

To Play

To Help

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Axioms of Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication is a Process

In Interpersonal Communication, Elements

are Interdependent

Interpersonal Communication is ambiguous

Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable



Interpersonal Communication Relationships are Symmetrical or

Complementary

Involves Content and Relationship

Is a Series of Punctuated Events

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TheInterpersonal

Communication Book 11th Ed.



Nature of Culture

Culture Refers to...

Specialized Lifestyle of People

Values, Beliefs, Artifacts, Ways of

Behaving, Ways of Communicating

Includes Language, Modes of Thinking,

Laws, and Religion



Nature of CultureNot Synonymous with Race or NationalityGender is a Cultural Variable Culture is Passed Through GenerationsEnculturationEthnic IdentityAcculturationCultural Beliefs and Values

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How Cultures Differ

Power DistancesHigh Power Cultures

Power Concentrated in Hand of Few Mexico, Brazil, India, Philippines

Low Power Cultures Power More Evenly Distributed Denmark, Sweden, New Zealand



How Cultures DifferMasculine vs. Feminine CulturesMasculine Cultures

People Socialized to be Assertive, Ambitious, Competitive

Confront Conflict DirectlyFeminine Cultures

Emphasize Quality of Life People Socialized to be Modest,

Emphasize Personal RelationshipsM

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How Cultures Differ

Individual vs. Collective Cultures

Individualist Culture - Members

Responsible for Self and Family

Collectivist Culture - Members

Responsible for Entire Group

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How Cultures Differ

High- vs. Low-Context Cultures

High-Context - Information Known by All

Members Through Previous Communication

Low-Context - Information is Explicitly Stated

in Verbal Message



Improving Cultural Communication Educate Yourself

Access Realistic Information about the Culture Face Your Fears

Reduce Uncertainty Uncertainty and Ambiguity Greater with Cultural

Differences Listen Actively, Perception Check, Seek

Feedback



Improving Cultural Communication Recognize Differences

Differences between Self and Culturally Different Differences within Culturally Different Groups Differences in Meaning

Confront Your Stereotypes Operate and Low Levels of Consciousness Leads to Major Barriers



Improving Cultural Communication

Adjust Your Communication

Both Verbal and Nonverbal

Manage Culture Shock Mic

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Culture Shock - Stages

Stage 1 - The Honeymoon

Stage 2 - The Crisis

Stage 3 - The Recovery

Stage 4 - The Adjustment

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Self-Concept

Others’ Images of You

Social Comparison

Cultural Teachings

Your Own Interpretations

and Evaluations

Self-Awareness

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Self-Awareness

What You Know about

Yourself

Affects Self-Concept

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Self-Awareness—Your Four Selves

Open Self

OpenOpen

Johari Window




Open Self

Blind Self OpenOpen

BlindBlind

Johari Window




Open Self

Blind Self

Hidden Self

OpenOpen

BlindBlind

HiddenHidden

Johari Window




Open Self

Blind Self

Hidden Self

Unknown Self

OpenOpen

UnknownUnknown

BlindBlind

HiddenHidden

Johari Window



Self-Esteem

How Much Do You Like Yourself?

Attack Your Self-Destructive Beliefs

Secure Affirmation

Seek Nourishing People

Work on Projects That Will Result in Success



Self-Disclosure

Communicating Information About…

Your Values, Beliefs, and Desires

Your Behavior

Your Self-Qualities or Characteristics



Self-Disclosure—Influences

Who You Are

Your Culture

Your Gender

Your Listeners

Your Topic and Channel

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Self-Disclosure

Rewards

Self-Knowledge

Communication and

Relationship Effectiveness

Physiological Health

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Apprehension in Communication







DefinedShynessUnwillingness to

CommunicateStage FrightReticence

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Types

Trait

State

Behaviors

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Apprehension in CommunicationInfluencesDegree of EvaluationSubordinate StatusDegree of ConspicuousnessDegree of UnpredictabilityDegree of DissimilarityPrior Success and FailureLack of Communication Skills

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Culture and Apprehension

Varies According to Culture

Intercultural Communication

May Increase Apprehension



Theories of Apprehension ManagementCognitive RestructuringSystematic DesensitizationSkill Acquisition

Prepare and Practice Focus on Success Familiarize Self With Situation Relax M

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Dangers of Self-Disclosure

Risks Ahead

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Stages of Perception1. Stimulation Selective Perception

Selective Exposure

Messages that Confirm

Beliefs

Messages of Greater Intensity

Messages of Contrast

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Stages of Perception2. Organization

Organization By Rules

Organization By Schemata

Organization By Scripts

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Stages of Perception

3. Interpretation—Evaluation

4. Memory

Cognitive Tags

Filtered Through Scripts

and Schemas

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Stages of Perception5. RecallRecall Information Consistent

with SchemaFail to Recall Information

Inconsistent with SchemaRecall Information that

Drastically Contradicts Schema

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Self-Disclosure—Guidelines

Consider Motivation

Consider Appropriateness

Consider Others’ Disclosure

Consider Burdens

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Perceptual Processes

Self-Fulfilling Prophesy

Pygmalion Effect

Implicit Personality Theory

Halo Effect

Reverse Halo Effect

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Perceptual Accentuation

See What Expect or Want to See

Primacy—Recency

First Impression Most Important

Subsequent Data Discounted

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Consistency—We Expect

People We Like Like Us

People We Dislike Dislike Us

Etc.

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Attribution Process

Consensus—Similarity with Others

Consistency—Similarity over Time

Distinctiveness—Similarity in

Different Situations

Controllability—Behavior Control



Increasing Accuracy in PerceptionAnalyze Perceptions

Recognize Own Role

Avoid Early Conclusions

Check Perceptions Describe what You See and Hear

Avoid Mindreading



Increasing Accuracy in PerceptionReduce Uncertainty

Observe OtherManipulate SituationLurk in Chat RoomsCollect Information Interact with Other

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Increasing Accuracy in PerceptionIncrease Your Cultural SensitivityPrepare YourselfReduce UncertaintyRecognized DifferencesConfront StereotypesAdjust CommunicationManage Culture Shock

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Technology

Chapters 1 4