- 1. Personality: Vive la Difference!
2. What Is Personality?
- What are some terms you use to describe the personalities of
others?
- What are you trying to communicate about them?
- A set of behavioral, emotional,
- and cognitive tendencies that
- people display over time and
- across situations that distinguishes
- individuals from each other.
3. Sigmund Freud
- Psychological determinism
- All behavior has an underlying psychological cause
4. Freud: Consciousness
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- Easily brought to consciousness
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- Hidden thoughts and desires
5. Freud: Structural Model
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- Home to sexual and aggressive drive
6. Freud: Structural Model
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- Preconscious and unconscious levels
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- Home to morality and conscience
7. Freud: Structural Model
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- Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels
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- Develops in childhood (before superego)
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- Acts as a referee between id and superego
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- Governed by thereality principle
8. Freud:Personality Development
- We must pass through psychosexual stages successfully
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- Each stage focuses on how we receive pleasure
- a stage leads to fixation
9. Freud: Psychosexual Stages
- Oral stage (birth to 1 year)
- Anal stage (1 to 3 years)
- Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
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- Oedipus and Electra complexes
- Latency period (6 to puberty)
- Genital stage (puberty onward)
10. Freud: Defense Mechanisms
- Unconscious attempts prevent unacceptable thoughts from
reaching conscious awareness
11. Freuds Followers: Alfred Adler
- People strive for superiority : Perfection and
self-actualization.
- People possess an innate social interest : They are cooperative
and interested in the welfare of others.
- People possess an inferiority complex : They are motivated to
overcome feelings of inferiority.
- Birth order has a tremendous impact on personality.
12. Birth Order
- Does birth order influence
- personality? Do children share
- personality traits with other children
- How could/does birth order influence personality?
- Does gender of siblings or spacing of births influence birth
order effects?
- How different would you be if you were born in a different
birth order position?
13. Personality andBirth Order First Borns and Success
- Less identified with family
Later-born Middle-born First-born or only child 14. Freuds
Followers: Eric Fromm
- Humans strive for freedom and autonomy.
- Humans strive for connectedness with each other.
- An imbalance between freedom/autonomy and connectedness can
result maladaptive behaviors.
- For example, excessive freedom can sometimes lead to:
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- Authoritarianism : People become over dominant or
submissive.
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- Destructiveness : People may no longer try to relate to others
and may become destructive.
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- Conformity : To reduce feelings of separateness they become
like everyone else.
15. Humanistic Theories
- Humanists focus on peoples positive aspects: their innate
goodness, creativity, and free will
- Reaction to Freud and behavioristemphasis on
16. Humanistic Theories
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- Unconditional positive regard
17. Carl Rogers Person Centered Theory
- Self-concept:A collection of beliefs about ones nature,
qualities, and behavior.
- Congruence:A correspondence between ones self-concept and
reality.
- Incongruence:A disparity between ones self-concept and
reality.
18. Carl Rogers Person Centered Theory
- What contributes to congruence or incongruence?
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- Conditional Love:Affection and love are made conditional.Kids
block out of self-awareness those experiences that make them feel
unworthy of love.
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- Unconditional Love:Affection and love are made
unconditional.Kids do not block out of self-awareness any
experiences, because they feel loved regardless.
- How does incongruence contribute to anxiety and psychological
problems?
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- Experiences that are inconsistent with self-concept create
anxiety, denial, distortions of truth, creative reinterpretation of
the events.
19. Personality: Traits or Situations?
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- We think and behave consistently across situations
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- Our thoughts and behaviors
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- change with the situation
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- Both traits and situations
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- affect thoughts and behavior
20. Trait Theories: The Big Five 21. Measuring Personality:
Inventories
- Questionnaires (paper or computer)
- Produce a personality profile
- Easy to score and statistically analyze
22. Measuring Personality: Projective Tests
- Include Rorschach and TAT
- Concerns about validity and reliability
What do you see? 23. Biological Influences on Personality
- Do horse breeds have common personality traits?
- Do dog breeds have common personality traits?
24. Temperament
- Innate tendencies to behave in certain ways
- Correlation between temperament at infancy and adulthood
25. Theories of Temperament
- Buss and Plomins four factors
26. Heritability
- Heritability of personality
- Heritability of specific behaviors
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- .5 for work and leisure interests
27. Learning and Cognitive Elements of Personality
28. Personality and Gender
- Greater social connectedness
Nature or nurture? 29. Personality and Culture
- Difficult to compare personality across cultures
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- Focus on the needs of the group
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- Chinese, African, Latin American, Arab cultures
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- Focus on needs of the individual
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- United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia