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Chapter 3
What is Human Nature?
Nature vs. Nurture - Oscar and Jack (page 66)
Social Environment - the entire human environment, including direct contact with others
Feral Children - children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from other humans
What is Human Nature?
Isolated Children See opening vignette (page 65)
Institutionalized Children (page 67)Skeels and Dye orphanage experiment in
the 1930s
What is Human Nature? Deprived Animals
Example: The Harlow’s monkeys (1962) Each monkey had 2 artificial “mothers”, 1 wire mother that had
nourishment in a bottle, one soft mother covered in terry cloth.
The monkeys would feed from the
wire mother and then go back to the
soft mother for infant/mother intimate
bonding.
In Sum…
Socialization into the Self and Mind
Socialization – the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group – the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them
Self – the unique human capacity of being able t see ourselves “from the outside”; the views we internalize of how others see us
Cooley and the Looking Glass Self – a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others’ reactions to usWe Imagine How We Appear to OthersWe Interpret Others’ ReactionsWe Develop a Self-Concept
Socialization into the Self and Mind
Taking the role of the other – putting oneself in someone else’s shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act
Significant other – an individual who significantly influences someone else’s life
Generalized other – the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people “in general”; the child’s ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self
Socialization into the Self and Mind (Page 71)
Mead and Role-TakingImitationPlayGames
Socialization into the Self and Mind
Piaget and the Development of ReasoningSensorimotor Stage – (birth – 2) don’t recognize
cause and effect, listening, looking, coming into contact with the environment
Preoperational Stage – (2-7) develop ability to use symbols
Concrete Operational Stage – (7-12) causation, concrete reasoning
Formal Operational Stage – (after age 12) abstract thinking, formal operations
Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions
Freud and the Development of PersonalityId – Freud's term for our inborn basic driveEgo – Freud's term for a balancing force
between the Id and SuperegoSuperego - Freud's term for the
conscience, the internalized norms and values of our social groups
Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions
Kohlberg and the Development of MoralityBelieves people go through 4 stages 1. Amoral (birth to 7ish)– no right or wrong just personal
needs to be satisfied2. Preconventional (7-10) – have learned rules and follow
them to avoid trouble, view right and wrong as what pleases authority figures
3. Conventional (about age ten) – morality means following norms and values they have learned
4. Post Conventional (Kohlberg believes most people don’t reach) – individuals reflect on abstract principles of right and wrong and judge a behavior according to these principles
Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions
Carol Gilligan and Gender Differences in Morality
○ Questioned Kohlberg’s research because he only used boys in his studies
○ Interviewed 200 men & women & concluded women are more likely to evaluate morality in terms of personal relationships an men are more likely to think along the lines of abstract principles that define right and wrong.
○ Researches tested Gilligan’s conclusions and found both men and women use personal relationships and abstract principles to make moral judgments
○ More research is needed.
Socialization into Emotions (page 76)
Global Emotions (6)Anger, disgust, fear, happiness,
sadness, surprise Expressing Emotions What We Feel Research Needed
There are surely more that 6 global emotions
The Self and Emotions as Social Control
What stops most of us from doing really crazy stuff most of the time? Are We Free?
Society within usExpectations of Family and FriendsSocial Mirror
Socialization into Gender Gender Socialization – the ways in
which society sets children onto different courses in life because they are male or femaleGender Messages in the FamilyGender Messages from Peer Groups – a
group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
Gender Messages in the Mass Media – forms of communication such as Radio, Advertising, Television, Video Games, that are directed to mass audiences
Socialization into Gender Gender roles – the behaviors and attitudes
considered appropriate because one is male or female
Page 314
Agents of Socialization Agents of Socialization – people or groups that
affect our self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward lifeThe Family
○ The First Group with Impact○ The Family and Social Class
The NeighborhoodReligionDay CareThe School
○ Manifest Function – the intended beneficial consequences of people’s actions (kids learn reading, writing arithmetic)
○ Latent Functions – unintended beneficial consequences of people’s actions (kids learn the social facts of life)
Agents of SocializationPeer GroupsSports and Competitive SuccessThe Workplace
Resocialization – the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviorsExamples
○ Mild - New Boss○ Intense - Alcoholics Anonymous○ Total Institutions - Boot Camp
Total Institution – a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by officials who run the place
Agents of Socialization Degradation Ceremony – a term coined
Harold Garfinkle to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual’s current identity and stamping a new one in its place
Socialization Through Life
Life Course – the stages of our life as we go from birth to deathChildhood - Birth to ~12 yrsAdolescence - 13 to 17 yrsTransitional Adulthood - 18 to 29 yrs – a
term that refers to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood; also called adultolescence
Socialization Through Life
The Middle Years - 30 to 65 yrs○ Early Middle Years - 30 to 49 yrs○ Later Middle Years - 50 to 65 yrs
The Older Years ~65 yrs on○ Early Older Years ○ Later Older Years
Sociological Significance of the Life Course
Does Not Merely Represent Biology
Social Factors Influence Life CourseWhen you live
Social Location Very SignificantSocial classGenderRace-ethnicity