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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Describe socialization.Describe socialization. Explain primary socialization.Explain primary socialization. Discuss how biology and socialization Discuss how biology and socialization
contribute to the formation of the individual.contribute to the formation of the individual. Describe how people develop a social Describe how people develop a social
identity.identity. Know what sociobiology is.Know what sociobiology is. Explain how extreme social deprivation Explain how extreme social deprivation
affects early childhood development.affects early childhood development.
Explain the views of Charles Horton Cooley Explain the views of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.and George Herbert Mead.
Describe Erik Erikson’s model of lifelong Describe Erik Erikson’s model of lifelong socialization.socialization.
Explain how family, schools, peer groups, Explain how family, schools, peer groups, and the mass media contribute to childhood and the mass media contribute to childhood socialization.socialization.
Know how adult socialization differs from Know how adult socialization differs from primary socialization.primary socialization.
Identify where resocialization takes place.Identify where resocialization takes place.
Nature Versus Nurture:Nature Versus Nurture:A False DebateA False Debate
NatureNature Inherited characteristics Inherited characteristics
NurtureNurture Socialization experiences Socialization experiences
Socialization – LearnedSocialization – Learned
The process of social interaction that The process of social interaction that teaches the child the intellectual, physical, teaches the child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a and social skills needed to function as a member of societymember of society
Begins at birthBegins at birth Provides connection to culture Provides connection to culture Contributes to acquisition of personalityContributes to acquisition of personality
Genetics – InheritedGenetics – Inherited
Biological transmissions from mother and father Biological transmissions from mother and father that influence:that influence: Chemical processesChemical processes Blood typeBlood type Physiological response and perceptionPhysiological response and perception
• Taste, colorTaste, color Physical traitsPhysical traits
• Height, weight, hair color, musculatureHeight, weight, hair color, musculature
Sociobiology - SynthesisSociobiology - Synthesis
Behavioral EcologyBehavioral Ecology Acknowledges biological basis for some Acknowledges biological basis for some
human behaviorhuman behavior• Recognizes socialization and free willRecognizes socialization and free will• Links some behavior to survivalLinks some behavior to survival• Part of natural selectionPart of natural selection
Social IssuesSocial Issues
Deprivation and DevelopmentDeprivation and Development Concept of SelfConcept of Self Dimensions of DevelopmentDimensions of Development
Deprivation and DevelopmentDeprivation and Development
Extreme Childhood DeprivationExtreme Childhood Deprivation Inhibits:Inhibits:
• Social attachmentsSocial attachments• Meaningful interactions and affectionate bonds Meaningful interactions and affectionate bonds
with otherswith others Emerges in:Emerges in:
• InstitutionsInstitutions• Impersonal careImpersonal care• Potential attachment disorderPotential attachment disorder
Attachment DisorderAttachment Disorder
An inability to trust people and form An inability to trust people and form relationships with othersrelationships with others
Inhibits socialization, cultural learning, and Inhibits socialization, cultural learning, and attachmentattachment
The Concept of SelfThe Concept of Self
Social identity based on statusSocial identity based on status Socially defined positions are acquired Socially defined positions are acquired
through socializationthrough socialization
The self is this changing yetThe self is this changing yet
enduring personal identityenduring personal identity
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
StagesStages Sensorimotor StageSensorimotor Stage
• Touch and feelTouch and feel• Cause and effectCause and effect
Operational StageOperational Stage• Understanding of relationshipsUnderstanding of relationships• Recognition of consequences of acts and Recognition of consequences of acts and
decisionsdecisions
Moral DevelopmentMoral Development
Progression leading to shared view of right Progression leading to shared view of right and wrongand wrong
• Orientation toward punishmentOrientation toward punishment• Orientation toward rewardOrientation toward reward• Orientation toward possible disapprovalOrientation toward possible disapproval• Orientation towards laws and dishonorOrientation towards laws and dishonor• Orientation toward peer values and democracyOrientation toward peer values and democracy• Orientation toward personal valuesOrientation toward personal values
Gender IdentityGender Identity
Biological GroundingBiological Grounding Male/female difference in size, strength, Male/female difference in size, strength,
enduranceendurance Reproductive rolesReproductive roles
Cultural DefinitionCultural Definition Gender stratification in social performance Gender stratification in social performance
rolesroles
Impediments to DevelopmentImpediments to Development
DeprivationDeprivation Extreme childhood deprivationExtreme childhood deprivation
• Impediment to social attachmentImpediment to social attachment Infants in institutionsInfants in institutions
• Attachment disorderAttachment disorder
Theories of DevelopmentTheories of Development
Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) The The looking-glass selflooking-glass self
• Imagine how our actions appear to othersImagine how our actions appear to others• Imagine how other people judge these Imagine how other people judge these
actionsactions• Make some sort of self-judgment based on Make some sort of self-judgment based on
the presumed judgments of othersthe presumed judgments of others
Theories of DevelopmentTheories of Development
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) The The “I”“I” and the and the “me”“me”
• ““I” is free, active, and spontaneous. I” is free, active, and spontaneous. • ““Me” is grounded in socialization process Me” is grounded in socialization process
from family, peers, school, etc.from family, peers, school, etc.
Mead, continued…Mead, continued… Significant others Significant others
• Those who are most important in our Those who are most important in our development, such as parents, friends, and development, such as parents, friends, and teachers teachers
Generalized othersGeneralized others• The viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations The viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations
of society as a whole, or of a community of of society as a whole, or of a community of people whom we are aware of and who are people whom we are aware of and who are important to usimportant to us
The PsychologistsThe Psychologists
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Self is comprised of three partsSelf is comprised of three parts
• Id, Superego, and EgoId, Superego, and Ego
• Individual remains in constant conflictIndividual remains in constant conflict
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)Erik Erikson (1902-1994) Lifelong socializationLifelong socialization Eight stages of development and crisisEight stages of development and crisis
Early SocializationEarly Socializationin American Society in American Society
The FamilyThe Family
The SchoolThe School
Peer GroupsPeer Groups
Mass MediaMass Media
The FamilyThe Family
Primary source for early socializationPrimary source for early socialization Connects to particular version of cultureConnects to particular version of culture
• Subcultural community Subcultural community • Geographic regionGeographic region• Social classSocial class• Ethnic groupEthnic group• Religious orientationReligious orientation
The SchoolThe School
Institutional FrameworkInstitutional Framework Selected skills and knowledgeSelected skills and knowledge Mitigates conflicting values between:Mitigates conflicting values between:
• FamilyFamily• Local communityLocal community• State, regional, and local requirementsState, regional, and local requirements
Peer Groups Peer Groups
Individuals who are social equalsIndividuals who are social equals Powerful influence over lifestyle issuesPowerful influence over lifestyle issues
• AppearanceAppearance• ActivitiesActivities• Interaction and datingInteraction and dating• Materialism and consumerismMaterialism and consumerism
Mass MediaMass MediaTelevision, Movies, & Video GamesTelevision, Movies, & Video Games
An inescapable presenceAn inescapable presence Measurable time involvementMeasurable time involvement
• 2.5 hours weekdays / 4.3 hours weekends2.5 hours weekdays / 4.3 hours weekends• Cumulative totals exceed personal interaction in Cumulative totals exceed personal interaction in
other areasother areas Promotes aggressionPromotes aggression
• Problem resolution via violenceProblem resolution via violence
Adult SocializationAdult Socialization
New statuses and roles learnedNew statuses and roles learned Greater awareness of impact of socializationGreater awareness of impact of socialization Increased control over processesIncreased control over processes
• Marriage and responsibilityMarriage and responsibility• ParenthoodParenthood• Career development / Vocation and identityCareer development / Vocation and identity
Resocialization potentialResocialization potential Total institutionsTotal institutions
Marriage and ResponsibilityMarriage and Responsibility
Critical examination of traditional role Critical examination of traditional role expectations of marriageexpectations of marriage
New definitions of relationshipsNew definitions of relationships Reexamination of demands of societyReexamination of demands of society
ParenthoodParenthood
Reexamination of role expectationsReexamination of role expectations
Partners of each otherPartners of each other• As parent and as a spouseAs parent and as a spouse
Secondary opportunity for socialization Secondary opportunity for socialization missed earlymissed early
Career Development: Vocation and Career Development: Vocation and IdentityIdentity
New social contextNew social context
Specific statuses and rolesSpecific statuses and roles• Socialization to specific needs of the Socialization to specific needs of the
situationsituation• Resocialization into new social functionsResocialization into new social functions
Conflict between career and other social Conflict between career and other social identityidentity
Aging and SocietyAging and Society
Late-in-life requirement for change in Late-in-life requirement for change in social identitysocial identity
Potential for:Potential for:• Loss of self-esteemLoss of self-esteem• Decline in physical and mental healthDecline in physical and mental health• Restrictions on mobility and independenceRestrictions on mobility and independence