1.AP BIOLOGYChapters 4 & 5
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPG
http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg

2. Identify the following functional groups
sulfhydryl
carbonyl
carboxyl
Hydroxyl(alcohol)
phosphate
amino
Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate
3. Identify the kind of molecules
ketone
aldehyde
Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm
4. Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following molecule
B is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attached
Campbell and Reece 7th edition
5. Identify the type of geometric isomeras TRANS orCIS
CISTRANS
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
6. adding a phosphate group to ADP
Cells store energy by ________________
a)Adding a phosphate group to ADP
b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP
Compounds containing carbon are called
___________
organic
7. IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE
carbonyl
phosphate
sulfhydryl
carboxyl
amino
hydroxyl
carbonyl
? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz
8. Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with
___ different atoms at the same time.
4
The ionized form of an amino group has a___ charge.
positive
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif
9. Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean?
It can form 4 covalent bonds
10. These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut?
geometric
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
11. Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon are called ________________
Enantiomers (stereoisomers)
How are isomers are different from isotopes?
ISOMERS are molecules with the same
molecular formula but different structures
ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons
12. Hydrocarbons contain many _________carbon-hydrogen bonds.
polar nonpolar
Nonpolar
The ionized form of a carboxyl group has a___ charge.
negative
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm
13. Chemical process that splits molecules
by the addition of water.
hydrolysis
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
14. Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule
Condensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis)
Name the four main classesof
biological macromolecules
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
15. The simplest sugars are called
________________
monosaccharides
GLYCOGEN
_____________ is the highly branched
polysaccharide used by animal cells to
store glucose.
NONPOLAR
Lipids are____________ molecules
polar nonpolar
16. Chemical process that splits molecules
by the addition of water.
hydrolysis
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
17. Molecules made of two monosaccharides
are called ______________
dissaccharides
The subunits joined to make proteinsare _______________
amino acids
The major polysaccharide component
found in plant cell walls is
_____________________
cellulose
18. 6
4
1
2
3
Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon
5
19. Carbohydrates made from joining manysugar molecules together are called
____________________
polysaccharides
Glucose and fructose can be joined to makesucrose via a ___________________ reaction.
dehydration synthesis
20. The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon.
Label the two forms as (alpha) or (beta)
BETAALPHAHydroxyl is up Hydroxyl is down
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif
21. Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of _____________
starch
How are these different?
Amylose is unbranched and joined only
by1,4 linkages
Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkagesat the branch points
22. How are starch and cellulose different?
Starch is made up of glucose rings in the (alpha) form joined by1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest this
Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in the (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans cant digest this
23. A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by -1, 4-glycosidic linkages.
cellulose
Where is chitin found in nature?
Cell walls of fungi;
exoskeletons of arthropods
24. Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together?
Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibril
Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition
25. Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif
This subunit is _________________
N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG)
It can be joined together in long chains by
1,4 linkages to make _________
chitin
26. Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they dont pack closely together-saturated or unsaturated?
unsaturated
Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule
fat
27. What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge?
ioniccovalent hydrogen
covalent
A fatty acid possessing one or more doublebonds between carbons in the hydrocarbontail is called _______________
unsaturated
28. Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together?
Hydrogen bonds
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the
hydrocarbon tail are connected by singlebonds is called _______________
saturated
29. The subunit used to make starch, cellulose, and glycogen is __________
glucose
The sequence of amino acids in a proteinis called the ________ structure
Primary 1o
30. The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called_______________
chitin
A fat is made up of one ________ molecule
and three ___________ molecules.
glycerol
fatty acid
31. Amino acid molecules used by living things are
usually the ___ stereoisomer version.
L or D
L
The covalent bond
that joins sugarmolecules to make
a polysaccharide is
called a
_________ bond.
glycosidic
32. The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called the _____________ structure.
Secondary 2o
Which kinds of bond holds these together?
Hydrogen bonds between the C=O ofone amino acid and the N-H of another
33. The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called
polymerization
The subunits are called___________ and themolecule that is formed iscalled a ______________
monomers
polymer
Image by K.Riedell
34. Sugar molecules used by living things are
usually the ___ stereoisomer version.
L or D
D
The structural polysaccharide found
in plant cell walls that provides supportis ____________
cellulose
35. Chaparonins
_____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3D
shape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment.
Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.
36. Sugars with 6 carbons are called
_______________
hexoses
Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars?
Glucose + fructose = sucrose
37. Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are called __________________
disaccharides
Name one of the polysaccharides
you learned about.
Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin
38. The kind of covalent bond that joins
amino acids together is called
a _________ bond
peptide
->
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
39. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature.
solidliquid
liquid
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
40. The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its ___________ structure.
Tertiary 3o
41. http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg
Tell the kind of macromolecule you learned about that could be built from these subunits
Fat (triacylglycerol)
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html
42. This isomer of glucose
in which the-OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called
_____ glucose

Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make
Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen
43. The association of multiple protein chainstogether results in its _____________
Quaternary 4o
http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg
44. Saturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature.
solidliquid
solid
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
45. This isomer of glucose
in which the-OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called
_____ glucose

Name a polysaccharide that this form ofglucose could be used to make
Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)
46. Name this type of
Lipid characterized
by a carbon skeleton
consisting of 4 rings
with various
functional groups
steroids
47. Sugar molecules with 6 carbons arecalled ________
hexoses
Which nitrogen base is not found in RNA?
thymine
48. Name this steroid
from which other
steroids including
human sex hormones
are synthesized.
cholesterol
Which part of a phospholipid is polar?
Glycerol-phosphate head
49. http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg
A diet high in____________
fats is one of
the factors that
can contribute
to cardiovascular
disease.
saturated
saturated unsaturated
50. CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCH
Differences:
Glycogen Starch
Highly branched amylose (unbranched)
amylopectin (less branched than glycogen)
Made by animals made by plants
1,4 & 1,6
51. Which part of a phospholipid molecule is non-polar?
Fatty acid tails
ENZYMES
__________ are proteins that act
as catalyststo speed upchemical reactions in living things
52. How many fatty acid tails are found in a phospholipid?
2
Fatty acid molecules consist of long
hydrocarbon chains with which functional
group attached at one end?
carboxyl
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg
53. COMPAREGLYCOGEN and STARCH
Alike:
Made of glucose subunits
1,4 linkages
1,6 linkages @ branch points
Glycosidic bonds
Glucose polymers
Ways to store glucose
Digestible by humans
54. Which of the four biomolecule groups you learned is hydrophobic?
lipids
Another name for a fat is
____________________
triacylglycerol
55. Which of these structures would NOT
be found in a DNA molecule?
A (ribose)and D (uracil)
Image from LearningExpress.com
56. Dehydration synthesis is also called
____________ reaction.
condensation
Which nitrogen base is not found in DNA?
uracil
57. The addition of a phosphate group to ADP
____________ energy.
storesreleases
stores
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistrythat studies molecules that contain _______
carbon
58. The removal of a phosphate group from ATP to formADP____________ energy.
storesreleases
releases
TRUE or FALSE
L and D stereoisomers have the samechemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms
59. TRUE or FALSE
L and D stereoisomers have the samechemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms
FALSEL and D enantiomers can have very differentchemical properties.Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinsons disease, but D-Dopa has no effect on patients.
Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning sickness; other form caused birth defects
60. Name the structural polysaccharidefound in the cell walls of plants thatprovides support
cellulose
Polymers of amino acids are called
______________
polypeptides
61. Chemical bond in which atoms share
2 pairs of electrons
List some functions of fat
Covalent double bond
Energy storage
(1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as1 g of polysaccharide)
Cushions vital organs
Insulates body against heat loss (blubber)
62. List some functions of nucleic acids
Store genetic information
Protein synthesis
Nucleotide subunits:
ATP: store and transport energy
NAD+ NADP+ FADCoenzyme A energy/electron carriers
63. Which form of glucose is used to buildcellulose molecules?
-glucose
The kinks in fatty acids are due to_____________________
cis-double bonds
64. Which chemical reaction joins glycerol and fatty acids to make a fat?
Dehydration synthesis or condensation
The place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches is called the
_______________
Active site
65. The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reactionis called a _____________
substrate
Name the amino acid that can form disulfide bridges
Cysteine
66. Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges?
-SHsulfhydryl
The unwinding and loss of conformationin proteins is called _____________
denaturing
67. GLYCINE
It has an H
for its R group
Which is the only amino acid without anasymmetric carbon?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png
68. Name an environmental factor that can cause proteins to denature
pH extremes
Salt concentration
Temperature (heat)
TRUE or FALSE
Denaturing in proteins is due to the disruption of peptide bonds
False; 1 remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and
disulfide bridges in 2 & 3are disrupted
69. cysteine
-SH (sulfhydryl) group forms disulfide bridges
Which amino acid is involved in making disulfidebridges to form the tertiary structure of proteins?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm
70. COMPARE and CONTRAST:
DNARNA
Double strandedSingle stranded
Contain A, T, C, GContain A, U, C, G
No uracilNo thymine
DeoxyriboseRibose
Store genetic infoCarry info from DNA to cell
Protein synthesis
BOTH:
Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers,
Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis,
Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases,
have phosphate-sugar backbones,
71. Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 ringsare called _______________
purines
The two sugar-phosphate backbones ina DNA molecule run in opposite directions,
an arrangement referred to as
___________________
antiparallel
72. Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ringare called _______________
pyrimidines
Name the subunit used to build nucleic
acids which consists of a pentose sugar,
nitrogen base, and a phosphate group.
nucleotide
73. The nitrogen bases that join by
hydrogen bonds to form the stair stepsof the DNA ladder always pair up so that
_________________ match up with each other.
a pyrimidine-a purine
two purines
two pyrimidines
a pyrimidine-a purine
74. Give an example of a pyrimidine
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs upwith _____________
cytosine
75. Which of these structures would NOT
be found in an RNA molecule?
C (deoxyribose)and F (thymine)
Image from LearningExpress.com
76. Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon atoms are called _____________
trioses
Which carbon is important in determiningwhether a glucose molecule is in the or form?
C1
77. In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs
with _____________
thymine
A pentose sugar with only the nitrogen baseattached is called a _____________
nucleoside
78. Molecules with both polar and nonpolar parts are called _______________
amphipathic
Molecules containing only hydrogen and
carbon are called ________________
hydrocarbons
79. Compare and contrast phospholipids and triglycerides (fat)
BOTH
PHOSPHOLIPIDSTRIGLYCERIDES
Glycerol backbone
Multiple phobic fatty acid chains attached
By ester linkages
2 fatty acid chains 3 fatty acid chains
phosphate groupnonpolar
Amphipathic(polar head; nonpolar tails)
80. Cysteine
methionine
Which two amino acids contain SULFUR ?
methionine
Look at these structures. Why cant methionine formdisulfide bridges?
No SH group; its got a methyl group
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.png
81. Tell the central dogma of molecular biology
that describes how information flows
in eukaryotic cells
DNA->RNA -> proteins
Write the chemical formula for amonosaccharide with 3 carbons
C3H6O3
82. What disaccharide does it make?
Glucose + glucose = ______________
Glucose + fructose = ____________
Glucose + galactose = ______________
maltose
sucrose
lactose
83. http://altopower.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/sugar.jpg
Table sugar is called ____________
sucrose
Which parts of a nucleotide form thebackbone of a nucleic acid?
Sugar and phosphate
84. Put the following in order from least to most branched
Glycogen amyloseamylopectin
amyloseamylopectin glycogen
85. Saturated
___________ fats are more common in
animals than plants.
TRUE or FALSE
Amino acids be enantiomers
True; the center carbon is attached to 4different groups; there are D and L formsof all amino acids except glycine
86. https://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/NMR_2002/glycine/Glycine2.gif
Name the only amino acid of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins that doesnt have a stereoisomer (enantiomer)
GLYCINE
It does NOThave a chiralcarbon; it doesnot have 4different groups
attached
87. Amylase is an enzyme that can break
glyosidic linkages between-glucose monomers.
Which of the following could amylase
break down?
cellulose glycogen amylopectin starch chitin
Glycogen, amylopectin, starch
? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz