ARTIFICIALARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE

PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY

Intekhab Alam Intekhab Alam

KhanKhan

Shrijana TiwariShrijana Tiwari

TOPICS IntroductionHistory of Artificial IntelligenceHistoric AttemptsWhy is AILimitations of Human MindRoboticsRobots as part of Human SocietyApplicationsAdvantages DisadvantagesConclusion

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines finds solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion.

This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way.

BRIEF HISTORY OF BRIEF HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE55thth century BC century BC

Aristotle invents syllogistic logic, the first formal Aristotle invents syllogistic logic, the first formal

deductive reasoning system.deductive reasoning system.

1616thth century AD century AD

Rabbi Loew supposedly invents the Golem, an artificial Rabbi Loew supposedly invents the Golem, an artificial

man made out of clayman made out of clay

17th century17th centuryDescartes proposes animals are machines and founds a Descartes proposes animals are machines and founds a

scientific paradigm that will dominate for 250 years.scientific paradigm that will dominate for 250 years.Pascal creates the first mechanical calculator in 1642Pascal creates the first mechanical calculator in 1642

18th century18th centuryWolfgang von Kempelen “invents” fake chess-playing machine, Wolfgang von Kempelen “invents” fake chess-playing machine,

The TurkThe Turk

1919thth century century

George Boole creates a binary algebra to represent “laws of George Boole creates a binary algebra to represent “laws of

thought”thought”

Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace develop sophisticated Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace develop sophisticated

programmable mechanical computers, precursor to modern programmable mechanical computers, precursor to modern

electronic computers.electronic computers.

20th century20th centuryKarel Kapek writes “Rossum’s Universal Robots”, coining the Karel Kapek writes “Rossum’s Universal Robots”, coining the

English word “robot”English word “robot”

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts lay partial groundwork for Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts lay partial groundwork for neural networksneural networks

Turing writes “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” – proposal Turing writes “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” – proposal of Turing testof Turing test

HISTORIC ATTEMPTSHISTORIC ATTEMPTS

The original The original story, published story, published by Mary Shelley, by Mary Shelley, in 1818, in 1818, describes the describes the attempt of a attempt of a true scientist, true scientist, Victor Victor Frankenstein, to Frankenstein, to create life.create life.

WHY IS AIWHY IS AI

• Computers are Computers are

fundamentally well suited fundamentally well suited

to performing mechanical to performing mechanical

computations, using fixed computations, using fixed

programmed rules. This programmed rules. This

allows artificial machines to allows artificial machines to

perform simple perform simple

monotonous tasks monotonous tasks

efficiently and reliably, efficiently and reliably,

which humans are ill-suited which humans are ill-suited

to. `to. `

LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN MINDLIMITATIONS OF HUMAN MIND

• Object recognition. People cannot properly explain how they recognize objects.

Face recognition. Cannot be passed on to another person by explanation.

• Naming of colours. Based on learning, not on absolute standards.

ROBOTICSROBOTICS

• 1970 Shakey (SRI) was driven by a remote-controlled computer, which formulated plans for moving and acting. It took about half an hour to move Shakey one meter

• The Ant, has 17 sensors. They are designed to work in colonies.

ROBOTS AS PART OF THE HUMAN ROBOTS AS PART OF THE HUMAN SOCIETY :SOCIETY :

• As robots are getting the appearance and functionalities As robots are getting the appearance and functionalities

of humans and animals there is a growing need to make of humans and animals there is a growing need to make

them interact and communicate as a sociable partner them interact and communicate as a sociable partner

rather than a tool. rather than a tool.

• This trend is requiring that robots would be able to This trend is requiring that robots would be able to

communicate, cooperate, and learn from people in communicate, cooperate, and learn from people in

familiar human-oriented terms. familiar human-oriented terms.

APPLICATIONS…APPLICATIONS…

• They stretch from the They stretch from the militarymilitary for autonomous control for autonomous control

and target identification, to the and target identification, to the entertainment industryentertainment industry

for computer games and robotic pets. for computer games and robotic pets.

• Lets also not forget big establishments dealing with huge Lets also not forget big establishments dealing with huge

amounts of information such as amounts of information such as hospitalshospitals, , banksbanks and and

insurancesinsurances, who can use AI to predict customer behavior , who can use AI to predict customer behavior

and detect trends.and detect trends.

ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

They will probably be increasingly used in the field of They will probably be increasingly used in the field of

medicine. medicine.

A knowledge based expert system, which can cross-A knowledge based expert system, which can cross-

reference symptoms and diseases will greatly improve the reference symptoms and diseases will greatly improve the

accuracy of diagnostics. accuracy of diagnostics.

Object recognition will also be a great aid to doctors. Object recognition will also be a great aid to doctors.

Along with images from cats cans or X-ray machines, they Along with images from cats cans or X-ray machines, they

will be able to get preliminary analysis of those images. will be able to get preliminary analysis of those images.

This of course will be possible only if people solve legal This of course will be possible only if people solve legal

questions that arise by giving power to a machine to questions that arise by giving power to a machine to

control or influence the health of a humancontrol or influence the health of a human

DISADVANTAGES:DISADVANTAGES:

• Self-modifying, when combined Self-modifying, when combined

with self-replicating, can lead to with self-replicating, can lead to

dangerous, unexpected results, dangerous, unexpected results,

such as a new and frequently such as a new and frequently

mutating computer virus.mutating computer virus.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Idea of Artificial Idea of Artificial Intelligence is being Intelligence is being replaced by Artificial replaced by Artificial life, or anything with a life, or anything with a form or body. form or body.

The consensus among The consensus among scientists is that a scientists is that a requirement for life is requirement for life is that it has an that it has an embodiment in some embodiment in some physical form, but this physical form, but this will change. Programs will change. Programs may not fit this may not fit this requirement for life yet. requirement for life yet.

I hope man should invent robot I hope man should invent robot

but not transform to robot .but not transform to robot .