Arab Sat Booklet in English

Thirty Years of Arabsat

2008

2005

1990

1985

1980

1976

Creating the largest

Arab community in the sky

2000

“After over 30 years, the Arabsat

world now covers over 164 million

viewers in over 80 countries across

the Middle East, Africa, Europe and

far beyond, creating the largest Arab

community in the sky and connecting

Arab nations with each other and the

rest of the world through state-of-

the-art technology ”

The Arabsat Journey | page 2

Over 30 Years of Connectingthe Arab World

Arabsat has been connecting the Arab world for over 30 years, and we are proud to have been a part of this journey for all these remarkable years.

During this time, Arabsat has built an unparalleled reputation for pioneering satellite communica-

tion services in the region.

Indeed, Arabsat was the first to bring digital broadcast technology to the region, letting viewers enjoy more of their favorite shows at far better quality—for less. In the process, we helped transform satellite TV into a potent tool for promoting economic, social, cultural and political progress in our part of the world.

Today, every country in our neighborhood has established a presence on the satellite broadcasting map. Arabsat was also the first to bring satellite-based Internet services in the region in 1999, positioning the Arab world for the Information Age and drawing a growing Arab neighborhood closer than ever with unprecedented connectivity.

Even as Arabsat services grew, so did our commitment to grow into a true Arab entity. From our earliest days, the management of Arabsat—represented by the General Assembly and the Board of Directors—has placed a high priority on developing Arab expertise. Through constant training, Arabsat has succeeded in developing a truly world class Arab team. Indeed, since 1988, we are proud to say that

Arabsat has been an Arab-operated entity, managed and operated by highly-qualified and experienced professionals composed of Arab nationals.

This Arab team has overcome challenges, seized opportunities and led in innovation to achieve tremendous business success. Since our founding, Arabsat has generated rewarding returns for its member countries. Over the years, we have also managed to distribute dividends to our shareholders worth US$160 million—an amount almost equal to our initial capital. This and other achievements show that Arabsat has successfully achieved all the goals set forth by the Board of Directors after it was established by the Arab League in 1976.

Along the way, not only has Arabsat succeeded in becoming the leading satellite operator in the Arab world. We have also become a role model for Arab cooperation, successfully uniting our common goals and interests and linking Arabs not only in our neighborhood but virtually everywhere in the world.

The future is filled with many challenges. To maintain our success and leadership, we will need to move forward with the same commitment which powered our growth through the years. With increasing competition, we need to constantly stay ahead of the pack with vision and a solid strategy for the future.

Fareed Khashoggi Chairman, Arabsat

“Arabsat has been connecting the Arab world for over 30 years, and I’m proud to have been a part of this journey for 15 of these remarkable years”


Building the largestArab community in the sky

Since this distinguished Arab organization was founded, a number of exceptional individu-als—the best Arab minds in telecommunications—have had the honor of managing Arabsat. Wheth-er as a member of the Board of Directors or the Executive Body, these remarkable individuals, with God’s help, shaped Arabsat’s

success through the years. They were there from the earliest days when the challenges were forbidding, the resources meager and the options limited. For over thirty years, they stood by Arabsat, steering the fledging organization through difficult times and finally leading it into safety until it grew into what it is today: a successful model of Arab cooperation.

When I was honored with the presidency of Arabsat in 2003, I and my fellow members in the Executive Body had one main goal: to continue these great accomplishments and build a totally independent institution. Our vision was to put in place a modern and self-sufficient satellite fleet, complete with in-orbit backup, that would allow Arabsat to fulfill present demand, provide greater capacity—and ensure future demand without the need to rent satellites from other operators.

Thus did we start restructuring this organization, carefully laying down strategic plans to help us stay nimble in the marketplace and become a potent competitor in the interna-tional arena. Consequently, we have expanded our business presence with new offices in Dubai and Cairo as well as a representative office in Paris serving our customers in that part of the world. We have also forged partnerships with the media cities of Dubai and Jordan and, in collaboration with NileSat, established an extension office at the Egyptian Media Production City. We are presently exploring similar partner-ships in northwestern Africa, Iraq and Lebanon. Our strategy

also calls for greater diversification through investments in telecommunications and strategic partnerships with giant operators in the region and internationally.

By the grace of God, in 2006 and 2008 we successfully launched the 4th Generation of Arabsat satellites—named Badr 4 and Badr 6—and positioned them at the Arabsat orbital hotspot of 26º East. Today, Arabsat is recognized as the top satellite operator in the Middle East and the southern Mediterranean, and ranks 9th in the world. The First Secretary of the Arab League also recently applauded Arabsat for being a leader and a catalyst for Arab media collaboration.

With God’s grace, we are preparing to launch four more new satellites, one each year from 2009 to 2012. Three of them will form part of the Arabsat 5th Generation while one of them will be the first of our 6th Generation satellites. These new satellites will allow us to expand our coverage, an ever-expanding reach which now covers the entire African continent and huge swathes of Asia and Europe.

I thank God Almighty first and foremost, as well as the whole Arabsat family, for Arabsat’s success. By constantly upgrading our satellite fleet and operating them with the finest team of Arab experts, engineers and managers at our headquarters and ground facilities in Riyadh and Tunisia, Arabsat is committed to continue this successful journey and maintain its leading position in the regional and global market. This distinguished team is Arabsat’s most important investment. We thank them and appreciate their hard work and dedication as they rise to the challenge of fulfilling our greatest ambitious. May God Almighty bless them.

Khalid BalkheyourPresident & CEO

“We have carefully laid out strategic plans for the short and long term designed to help us stay nimble in the marketplace and and become a potent competitor in the international arena”


The Arabsat World

The Arab world is defined as that long swathe of Arabic-speaking lands stretching from North Africa in the east to the Arabian Gulf in the west, a vast neighborhood straddling two continents and 25 countries with a combined population of 325 million people. It’s a world so different yet so alike, a vibrant world which speaks Arabic for the most part with its many local flavors and dialects, but also French, Berber, Somali, Kurdish and many other tongues, all sharing a lively assortment of distinct yet related cultural traditions and tastes.

Today, thanks to Arabsat’s pioneering spirit and continuous investments in the latest satellite technology, this neighborhood has grown far beyond its original borders. After over 30 years, the Arabsat world now covers over 164 million viewers across the Middle East, Africa, Europe—and far beyond. And today, Arabsat has grown into one of the world’s leading satellite operators and the largest, most successful satellite operator in the Arab world, by far.

The beginning

Arabsat was officially founded in 1976 by the 21 member states of the Arab League, but Arabsat’s beginnings actually go back many years earlier when the world first awoke to the potential of space.

In 1967, as the race for space captured the world’s imagination, the Arab world held a landmark conference at the picturesque old port of Bizerte in Tunisia. Ministers of culture and information from Arab countries gathered and pondered the future, laying down the first blue prints for a Pan-Arab satellite system to connect the Arab world. The conference set a vision for establishing a space-based system using emerging satellite technology to support the information, cultural and education needs of Arab countries.

The stage was set. In less than a decade, Arab commitment to harness the emerging potential of satellite technology became reality. In 1976, the 21 member states of the Arab League of Nations signed an agreement formally establishing the Arab Satellite Communications Organization to be based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

1967In 1967, the Arab world held a landmark conference to lay down the first blue prints for a Pan-Arab satellite system to cover the Arab world using emerging satellite technology


Initially known by its acronym ASCO, it has since become more popularly known as Arabsat. The agreement laid down the first steps towards designing, executing and operating the first Arab space-based system of its kind. Its goal: to serve the needs of telecommunications, information, culture and education sectors of the Arab world through satellite-based services matching the highest international standards.

The Countdown Begins:Laying the groundwork for the first Arab community in the sky

When the Arab League established Arabsat in 1976, it was only the first of many steps in Arabsat’s long journey into space. The next few years were spent laying down the groundwork for designing, funding and executing the first Pan-Arab satellite system.

Work on Arabsat’s first satellites started in earnest. In the early 1980s Arabsat collaborated with an international team led by Aerospatiale of France to design and manufacture the first generation of Arabsat satellites, a fleet of three identical state-of-the-art satellites. Arabsat also signed a contract with EADS Astrium Arianespace and NASA in the United States to place the satellites into orbit.

Perhaps just as importantly, Arabsat started working on infrastructure to control and manage its satellites from the ground. Arabsat turned to Nippon Electric of Japan to design and build two terrestrial stations: a main control and broadcasting facility in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, and a backup control facility in Tunisia, both to be delivered in time for the scheduled launch of Arabsat’s first satellite in 1985.

Now, all the pieces were in place and the final countdown to space had begun. The first Arab satellite system, first conceived some two decades earlier, was finally ready to lift off the ground—and into history.

In 1976, the 21 member states of the Arab League of Nations signed an agreement formally establishing the Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Arabsat) to be based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

1976


Liftoff:Arabsat in Space

In the early morning of February 8, 1985 somewhere in the Central American jungles of French Guiana at Arianespace’s Guiana Space Center, the latest heavy-lift Ariane 3 launcher with its distinctive twin solid propellant strap-on boosters blasted off with a state-of-the-art 1.27-ton payload: Arabsat 1A, the first Arabsat satellite. Finally, Arabsat was in space. Within a few months, after successfully completing all in-orbit tests, Arabsat officially started commercial operations on August 22, 1985.

This marked the beginning of decades of continuous growth as Arabsat followed its first generation satellites with a second generation, a third generation and most recently, a fourth generation—a total of 9 satellites over the years. Every generation was always an improvement on the previous, a continuous process of upgrades and advancement, of widening reach and increasing capability.

Today, the Arabsat satellite fleet at the 26º East and 30.5º East orbital positions is the youngest and most capable fleet of satellites covering the Arab world. And with the 5th generation Arabsat satellites launching in late 2009 plus one new satellite going to space until 2010, Arabsat has grown from a mere vision into one of the world’s largest satellite operators and, by far, the largest satellite operator in the Arab world.

Recently, Arabsat signed two more contracts for two new satellites. One of them represents the final addition to Arabsat’s 5th Generation satellites, while the second will be the first of Arabsat’s 6th Generation scheduled for launch in 2011 and 2012.

Arabsat: The First Generation

The first generation of Arabsat satellites were state-of-the-art for their time. They included three satellites which were the first to feature new technology from Aerospatiale, each carrying two S-band transponders and 25 C-band transponders. They had a nominal design life of 7 years in orbit. The first Arabsat satellite, Arabsat 1A, was launched atop an Ariane 3 launcher from the Arianespace launch site in French Guiana on February 8, 1985. Arabsat 1B, the second satellite in the series, was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in June 1985, just a few months after Arabsat 1A.

Fully aware of the significance of launching the second Arab satellite into space, NASA assembled a seven-member international crew for the Space Shuttle which

1985Arabsat 1B, the second satellite in the first generation of Arabsat satellites, was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery with the first Arab Astronaut on board.


included a young Saudi prince acting as the mission’s payload specialist. The Saudi prince was of course none other than Prince Sultan bin Salman, son of the governor of Riyadh, grandson of the Kingdom’s founder, and the first Arab astronaut in space. As the mission’s payload specialist, Prince Sultan did the honor of launching then deploying Arabsat’s second satellite into orbit, a historic event which continues to inspire young Arabs to this day.

Arabsat 1B remained in operation for all its 7-year design life, dramatically transforming broadcast and telecommunications services in the Arab world. It was soon followed by yet another and third satellite in the series, Arabsat 1C, which was launched aboard an Ariane rocket in February 1992.

By then, demand for Arabsat satellite services had grown significantly, mostly for video services. To meet excess demand and provide bridge capacity while Arabsat prepared to upgrade its fleet, Arabsat turned to Telesat

Canada in 1993 and leased its Anik D2 C-band satellite. The satellite, a Hughes HS-376 bus carrying 24 active C-band transponders, was repositioned from 82º West to 20º East and renamed Arabsat 1D.

The fourth and final satellite in the first generation of Arabsat satellites, Arabsat 1D was also a temporary solution because by then, mindful of rising demand, Arabsat already had its sights on a much more capable second-generation of Arabsat satellites.

Arabsat: The Second Generation

Arabsat shopped around for a successor to its first-generation satellites as early as 1990 and seriously considered proposals from Hughes Aerospace, Aerospatiale and British Aerospace. Arabsat awarded the US$257.9 million contract to Aerospatiale on April 17, 1993.

Once again, Arabsat continued its pioneering tradition. It became the first satellite operator to take advantage of the new and much more capable Spacebus 3000A platform. This platform was designed to pack 22 C-band transponders plus 12 Ku-band transponders. Each of these densely-packed birds weighed over two metric tons on station.

In July 1996, Arabsat 2A finally blasted into space from the Guiana Space Center on an Ariane 4 launch vehicle, opening a new era for Arab satellite services. The new Arabsat 2A offered enhanced Direct-to-Home television services and capability for creating private networks for voice and data using Very Small Aperture Terminals or VSAT. VSATs use satellites to connect a mesh of small remote earth stations or terminals, usually for point-of-sale transactions such as credit card transactions, broadband data for remote locations or communications on the move such as maritime communications.

Arabsat 2B was initially intended as a ground spare. But with demand rising and to maintain its multi-satellite network, Arabsat decided to launch Arabsat 2B on November 13, 1996 just as Arabsat 1C neared the end of its service life.

Arabsat’s second-generation satellites were vastly ahead of their predecessors. To adapt to their new systems and enhanced capabilities, Arabsat’s ground control facilities in Saudi Arabia and Tunisia underwent significant upgrades. By then, a new generation of highly-trained Arab engineers had completely taken over the operations of Arabsat’s two ground stations, hitherto run by foreign experts since January 1988.

Arabsat: The Third Generation

Even while preparing to launch Arabsat 2B, Arabsat was already making plans for even more capable satellites. On November 7, 1996, just a week before launching Arabsat 2B, Arabsat contracted Alcatel Space Industries to provide the first of two third-generation Arabsat satellites. These would be direct TV broadcast satellites with a design life of 13 years, providing a powerful addition to Arabsat’s growing fleet and helping it meet its long-term needs.

Arabsat 3A was launched on February 26, 1999 on an Ariane 4 rocket and joined Arabsat 2A in the same orbital position, adding more capacity to its growing Arab neighborhood in the sky at 26º East. On December 7, 2001, barely 3 years into its 13-year design life, disaster struck. A short-circuit in the solar array mechanism stopped the flow of power from one of Arabsat 3A’s solar panels, cutting power by half to the rest of the satellite. Eight of the 20 transponders on Arabsat 3A failed.

Ground controllers harnessed power from the remaining solar panel, which was functioning normally, as well as from alternative power supplies, and reallocated frequencies to restore broadcast power to some of the transponders. Arabsat also quickly moved to maintain capacity by acquiring two additional satellites which were already in orbit, Panamsat 5 and Hotbird 5. Panamsat 5 was renamed as Arabsat 2C while Hotbird 5 was renamed as Arabsat 2D.

Arabsat 3A was launched on February 26, 1999 on an Ariane 4 rocket and joined Arabsat 2A in the same orbital position, adding more capacity to its growing Arab neighborhood in the sky at 26º East

1999


The New Generationof Arabsat Satellites

Arabsat: The Fourth Generation

In October 2003, Arabsat signed a contract with EADS Astrium to build the fourth generation of Arabsat satel-lites—Arabsat’s most capable generation of satellites yet. It was borne of a vision to ensure Arabsat’s continued leadership by launching a new era of wider reach and unprecedented choice for broadcast, telecom and broadband operators in the region.

Arabsat prepared to meet this new era with a new and modern image reflecting its leading-edge spirit and pioneering heritage. Shedding its old logo, Arabsat launched a new and modern graphic identity to accompany it into the future. It also chose a new name for its new generation of satellites: Badr, literally “Full Moon” in Arabic.

Meanwhile, construction of Arabsat’s new Badr satellites was proceeding in earnest. As prime contractor, EADS Astrium designed and built the satellite and upgraded the Arabsat ground control centers in Dirab in Saudi Arabia and its backup control facility in Tunisia.

Badr 1, the first in the series, was designed to carry 24 active C-band channels and 16 active Ku-band channels. Badr 4, the second satellite in the series, was designed to

provide 28 active Ku-band channels. Both satellites were based on the Astrium 2000+ platform with a launch mass of some 3.3 tons each and a 15-year design lifespan.

Badr 1, technically known as Arabsat 4A, lifted off two hours after midnight on February 28, 2006 atop a Proton-M Breeze-M launch vehicle at the Baikonur space center in Russia. Shortly after lift-off, the satellite failed to reach its planned orbit. and several options were explored to rescue the satellite. But on March 24, 2006, Arabsat finally declared the satellite lost and decided to deorbit it over the Pacific Ocean.

To quickly close the capacity gap, Arabsat successfully launched another satellite—Badr 4, technically called Arabsat 4B—on November 8, 2006. The satellite was optimized as a multi-purpose communications satellite with a vastly expanded footprint covering the Arab world and neighboring regions. Badr 4’s Ku-band payload offered enhanced capacity and unprecedented flexibility for direct-to-home, interactive TV and Internet broadband services. It also came with additional capacity to accommodate anticipated demand for high-definition TV. This was a smart, forward-looking strategy which positioned Arabsat at the forefront of the emerging HDTV market in the region, a position it continues to enjoy. At the same time, Arabsat immediately ordered a replace-

2006The fourth generation of Arabsat satellites—Arabsat’s most capable generation of satellites yet—launched a new era of wider reach and unprecedented choice for broadcast, telecom and broadband operators across the Arab world


ment for the lost Badr 1 spacecraft from Astrium. But even while the order was being placed, Arabsat was already laying down plans for a fifth-generation of Arabsat satellites which were to be called Badr 5. For this reason, the replacement satellite skipped the “5” designation and was dubbed Badr 6. It became the third satellite in Arabsat’s 4th-generation series.

Badr 6 was successfully launched from the Guiana Space Center on July 6, 2008 using an Ariane 5-ECA launch vehicle and immediately joined the Arabsat fleet at the 26º East geostationary orbital position. Its main communications payload was integrated on a Eurostar E2000+ platform with 20 Ku-band/BSS transponders for broadcast services plus 24 C-band transponders offering an extended range of telecom-munications services. On August 7, 2008, after successfully passing all tests, Badr 6 was officially handed over to Arabsat.

Arabsat: The Fifth Generation

Already far and away the leading satellite operator in the Arab world, Arabsat nevertheless stayed committed to staying ahead of demand and emerging trends. Thus, even with the youngest fleet of state-of-the-art satellites in the heavens—and long before Badr 6 left the ground—Arabsat was already planning for yet more capable additions to its fleet. These new satellites would be called Arabsat’s fifth generation, and on June 16, 2007, Arabsat signed a contract with EADS Astrium and Thales Alenia Space to start building them.

The fifth generation of Arabsat satellites are already in various stages of assembly and will be launched at a rate of one satellite a year starting from late 2009 to 2010. As the leading partner, Astrium is supplying the platforms and will integrate the satellites. Thales Alenia Space will design and build the communications payloads.

To manage the extended Arabsat fleet and take advantage of the new systems on board, the team will also upgrade Arabsat’s ground control facilities in Saudi Arabia and Tuni-sia, the third time that Arabsat’s ground control facilities have been modernized to keep up with the latest technology.

The first satellite in the series is intended as a replacement for Arabsat 2B at 30.5º East and will thus follow its naming scheme: Arabsat 5A. Weighing in at almost 5 tons, the multi-purpose satellite will provide additional capacity for a wide range of communications services. It is based on a Eurostar E3000 platform with a 15-year service lifetime. Packed with 16 active C-band transponders and 24 Ku-band transponders, Arabsat 5A will significantly boost Arabsat capacity to provide a wide range of satellite communica-tions services from TV broadcasts and telephony to business communications, Internet trunking, VSAT and other interactive services over an area which now covers the Middle East and all of Africa—and beyond.

The second satellite in the series will join Arabsat’s fleet of direct-to-home Badr satellites at 26º East and will sport the name Badr 5. Also a Eurostar E3000 model, Badr 5 (technically known as Arabsat 5B) will be heavier than Arabsat 5A at almost 5.5 tons and is designed with a 15-year service lifetime. Equipped with 56 active transponders in Ku-Band and Ka-band, Badr 5 will primarily provide full in-orbit backup capacity for Badr 4 and Badr 6 television services. Complementary missions include supporting the

expected boom of HDTV and, thanks to its Ka-band capacity, the development of sophisticated interactive services in the rapidly expanding Arabsat world.

Yet a third fifth generation satellite is already in the works. A contract to build the new satellite was signed in February 4, 2009, with launch planned for late 2011. It has been designated as Arabsat 5C and will add a third orbital position in the sky for Arabsat at 20º East of the geostation-ary orbit. Arabsat 5C will share the same platform as its first two cousins in the fifth generation series which were designed as Eurostar E3000 models. It will provide expanded capacity with 26 active C-band and 12 Ka-band transponders, and comes with a service lifespan in excess of 15 years.

Even as Arabsat’s fifth generation satellites are being prepared for their journey into space, Arabsat is already planning for more new-generation satellites to expand its constellation in the skies. In February 4, 2009, Arabsat also appointed the consortium of Astrium and Thales Alenia Space to build yet another Arabsat satellite planned for a 2012 launch, a year after the launch of Arabsat 5C. The new satellite, the first of Arabsat’s 6th Generation satellite and to be named Badr 7, will join Arabsat’s constellation of direct-to-home Badr satellites at its 26º East video hotspot, vastly extending in-orbit capacity for Arabsat not only in the Arab world but also far beyond into Europe and Asia, now part of the growing Arabsat neighborhood in the sky.

As Arabsat’s fifth generation satellites are being readied for launch, Arabsat is already planning for more new-generation satellites

2012


Profiting From Space:A Role Model for ArabCollaboration

Arabsat’s phenomenal success through the years has become a role model for Arab collaboration. Fraught with early challenges, burdened by early losses and hobbled by the loss of two satellites, Arabsat has nevertheless mustered remarkable resilience, strategic foresight and faith in its vision to overcome every obstacle and emerge as a modern success story.

Established as an intergovernment organization in 1976 by the countries of the Arab League, Arabsat represented the common hopes and aspirations of the Arab world at the birth of the space age. It is the collaborative efforts of 21 Arab League countries. The largest contributor is Saudi Arabia at 36.66 percent. This is followed by Kuwait (14.59 percent), Libya (11.28 percent), Qatar (9.81 percent) and the U.A.E. (4.66 percent). Together, these five largest contributors account for 77 percent of Arabsat.

Management Structure

Arabsat is governed by three bodies composed of the General Assembly, the Board of Directors and the Management Committee. In April or May of each year, Arabsat holds an annual General Assembly attended by Arab telecommunications ministers representing member countries. During the General Assembly, 9 members of the Arabsat Board of Directors are selected based on a

established formula: 5 from member countries with the highest stakeholding in the company, 2 from member countries which posted the highest usage during the previous year and 2 board members from countries which best met their financial obligations. The Board of Directors meet up to four times each year.

Finally, to handle the operational, administrative, financial and technical management of the company, Arabsat has a Management Committee headed by an Executive Director and assisted by a full team of highly qualified experts.

An Arab success story

Over the years, Arabsat has realized phenomenal profits of 450% and has paid out dividends almost equal the original paid-up capital of Arabsat. But these profits did not come the easy way. Over its 30-year existence, Arabsat has faced serious challenges and endured initial losses. During its first full decade of commercial operations from 1977 to 1987, Arabsat posted an income of US$10.5 million. However, suffering a satellite loss, the next 5 years saw its profits drop, hitting rock-bottom in 1992 with losses of US$44.7 million.

From 1993 to 1995, with its own Arabsat 1C satellite in

450% ProfitsOver the years, Arabsat has realized phenomenal profits of 450% and has paid out dividends almost equal its original paid-up capital


space joining a fleet of leased satellites over the Arab skies, Arabsat went back to profitability and posted a US$10.4 million income. Since then, as Arabsat launched newer and more capable generations of Arabsat satellites, Arabsat has continued on a path of strong profitability, racking up a total of US$734 million in income from 1996 to 2007. In all, Arabsat has delivered returns equal to 450% of its US$163 million capital.

Inspired by its success and continued strong performance, Arabsat member countries voted during its 31st General Assembly in 2008 to raise Arabsat’s paid-up capital to US$500 million from US$163 million. This substantial increase reflects the high confidence Arabsat has inspired among its member countries and is an eloquent measure of the success and continuing strength of this 30-year role model for Arab collaboration.


R e v e n u e T a b l e s

Year Country Round Host City

1978 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia First Taif

1979 Tunisia Second Tunisia

1980 Morocco Third Rabat

1981 Jordan Fourth Amman

1982 Yemen Fifth Sana’a

1983 Kuwait Sixeth Kuwait

1984 Jordan Seventh Amman

1985 Morocco Eight Rabat

1986 Algeria Nineth Algeria

1987 Libya Tenth Trippoli

1988 Syria Eleventh Damascus

1989 Oman Twelveth Muscat

1990 Algeria Therteenth Algeria

1991 Egypt Fourteenth Cairo

1992 Egypt Fifteenth Cairo

1993 Tunisia Sixteenth Tunisia

1994 Morocco Seventeenth Rabat

1995 Egypt Eighteenth Cairo

1996 Egypt Ninteenth Cairo

1997 Jordan Twentyth Amman

1998 Lebanon Twenty First Beirut

1999 Jordan Twenty Second Amman

2000 Qatar Twenty Third Doha

2001 Mauritania Twenty Fourth Nwakshot

2002 Qatar Twenty Fifth Doha

2003 Lebanon Twenty Sixeth Beirut

2004 Qatar Twenty Seventh Doha

2005 Morocco Twenty Eight Marrakech

2006 Oman Twenty Nineth Muscat

2007 Syria Thirtyth Damascus

Arabsat General Assembly through the Years

Technology

Arab Sat Booklet in English