A participatory methodology to assess

the factors influencing performances of

avian influenza surveillance network in

Northern Vietnam

Alexis Delabouglise1,2, Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux1,3, Phan Dang Thang4, Nguyen Tien Thanh5, Dao Cong Duan4, Pham Thi Thanh Hoa1, Dao Thi Hiep4, Vu Dinh Ton4, Nguyen Viet

Khong5, Aurélie Binot1, François Roger1, Marisa Peyre1

1 CIRAD, AGIRs, France

2 Laboratoire Espace, Santé et Territoires, Université Paris Ouest, France 3 Université de Liège, Belgique

4 Hanoi Agriculture University, Vietnam 5 National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam

• Outlines

I. Background : need to evaluate AI surveillance

II. Methodology : participatory tools to approach

decision making

III. Results

IV. Conclusions

• Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) due to

H5N1 persisting in Vietnam since 2004

• Limited evaluations of surveillance programs

• Hypothesis : social and economic interactions

between local actors are key elements to

evaluate acceptability of surveillance systems

Background

Involvement of actors in

disease surveillance:

A decision made

under constraints

INFORMATION

DISCLOSURE

Economic

constraints

Social constraints Animal health

Public health

Institutional

constraints

Methodology

Geographical localization:

� Cẩm Hoàng commune, Hải Dương province, Red river delta

Farms investigated:

Poultry and pig productions

Methodology

Decision making :

An answer to a series of

questions…

Methodology

• Focus group producers

• Description of syndromes and terminology associated

• Use of proportional piling and matrix scoring

What kills my animals? Methodology

Who do I talk to?...and why? Bệnh dịch gà, Niu Cát Sơn, Tụ huyết trùng

….

The village

feed seller

Syndrome:

The town

drug

supplier

....

The trader

technicians of agro-

pharmaceutical companies

Poultry producer

Individual

interview Drug selling + advices

Rapid selling of sick

animals

Methodology

Outbreak announcement: who wins,

who loses?... And who do I listen to?

• What are the

consequences of an

outbreak notification?

• Which types of actors

get benefits or

disadvantages from it?

• Which type of actor

influences my decision?

Methodology

May I report or not report if…? 50% mortality in my

farm in less than 5

days

Price of sick

animals Amount of

compensation

Delay before

compensation

40 000

VND/kg

30 000

VND/kg

20 000

VND/kg

Delay No delay

…

Methodology

50% mortality in my

farm in less than 5

days

Price of sick

animals Amount of

compensation

Delay before

compensation

Proportional piling

REPORT NOT

REPORT ASK OTHER

FARMERS

May I report or not report if…? Methodology

Results

constraints on producer’s decision

Animal

producer

Input supply

stage

Animal

traders Value chain

• Short delays to

refund credits

• Support farmers in

treating and

preventing diseases

• Most contacted in

case of disease

outbreak

FINANCIAL

DEBTS

Results

Results

constraints faced by farmers

Animal

producer

Input supply

stage

Animal

traders Value chain

• Negotiation of price

• Possibility to sell sick

animals at low price

• Drop of prices caused by

outbreak announcement

FINANCIAL

DEBTS

PRICE

INSTABILITY

constraints faced by farmers

Animal

producer

Input supply

stage

Animal

traders Value chain

Other

villagers

• Price variation

affects other

farmers

Relationships FINANCIAL

DEBTS

PRICE

INSTABILITY

FEAR OF

IMPACT ON

PRICE

Results

Constraints faced by farmers

Animal

producer

Input supply

stage

Animal

traders Value chain

Other

villagers Veterinary

Authorities

• Uncertainty of

compensation

programs

• Long delays of

compensations

• More interesting to

sell sick animals Relationships FINANCIAL

DEBTS

FEAR OF

IMPACT ON

PRICE

• Control measures and

compensations only in

case of widespread

epizootic

• Authorities' reaction

often follow media

announcements

PRICE

INSTABILITY

Results

Animal

producer

Input supply

stage

Animal

traders Value chain

Other

villagers Veterinary

Authorities

Relationships

• Resource/budget

constraints

• Local management of

diseases are encouraged

• Reports to higher

authorities are

dissuaded

Local Political

actors

AUTHORITY

Institutional constraints Results

Administration

Who is looking for information?

• Private actors are interested in information on disease outbreaks for: � Preventing disease transmission (feed companies,

input retailers, large scale farmers)

� Anticipating price variation and planning the activities in accordance (feed companies, input retailers, large scale farmers)

� Purchasing poultry at low price (poultry traders)

• Public surveillance is considered a useless source of information. Private actors rely on informal surveillance.

Results

Breed supply

Drug supply

Feed supply

Local input retailers: feed,

chicks and drugs sellers

Small poultry

producers

Big poultry

producers

Poultry traders

District vet

Province vet

Commune vet

INFORMAL NETWORKS

Private

companies

Conclusions 1. Innovative approach • Actors of surveillance = decision makers facing socio-economic constraints

• Interest of combining economic evaluation tools and participatory approach

2. Key elements to enhance the compliance to

surveillance and control programs : • Producers and actors of input supply chain mainly aim at mitigating impact of

epizootics on their income and on market prices

• Existence of a private surveillance centered on feed companies

• Poor sanitary controls on the poultry value chain have an impact on disease

surveillance

• Institutional impediments = need for better control and higher support from

the central administration : encourage local actors to notify diseases

Acknowledgements

• CIRAD, AGIRs, France: Pham Thi Thanh Hoa, Marisa

Peyre, Aurélie Binot, François Roger

• Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam: Phan Dang

Thang, Dao Cong Duan, Dao Thi Hiep, Vu Dinh Ton

• National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi,

Vietnam: Nguyen Tien Thanh, Nguyen Viet Khong

• Université de Liège, Belgique: Nicolas Antoine Moussiaux

Thank you for your attention