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APPENDICES
Material
Machines
32
Particle come out with different sizes by using screening machine wood species is oil palm particle sizes as a parameter:
- 1.0 mm- 2.0 mm
resin that use in producing the particleboard is phenol formaldehyde. using different concentration as a parameter:
- 7%- 9%-11%
CHIPPER to chip large pieces of wood
FLAKER for cutting into desired sizes flakes from chips as well as sliced bamboo and crushed veneerSCREENINGscreening the flake into differences size
33
OVENfor reducing the moisture content of flake
BALANCE balancing weight of PF and also balancing weight of particle
PARTICLEBOARD MIXERfor mixing the particle with resin
COLD PRESSfor reducing the thickness of particle board and consolidate the resin
HOT PRESSfor heating and curing the resin
Process
34
ARM SAWfor trimming the edge of particle board
TABLE SAWTo cut the particleboard for testing
INSTRON (TESTING MACHINE)For test the bending and internal bonding
Oil palm tree
Frond cleaning process
Oil palm frond
Chipping process
Wood chipFlaking process
35
Wood flakes
screening process
Particle base on
sizes
Oven dryweighing process
Weight the resin
Mixing process
Matt forming process
Cold press
Hot pressparticleboa
rdTrimming
process
36
Marking for testing
Cutting for testing
Measure the width
Weight the particleboa
rd
Measure the length
Thickness swelling testing
Bending testing
Internal Bonding testing
Thickness Swelling testing
Testing
Bending Testing
Particle board with size 1.0mm and 7% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWidth
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Weight
(g)
Density
(Kg/m³)
MOR
(mPa)
MOE
(mPa)
A12 50.42 12.41 329.92 97.06 470.17 9.30 1351.28
A22 49.61 12.34 329.71 104.92 519.81 11.74 1662.50
A32 50.28 12.22 330.20 112.15 552.78 9.31 1508.83
A23 50.11 12.96 329.85 111.39 520.00 8.72 1319.70
A33 50.53 12.69 328.68 116.73 553.86 11.02 1462.61
Particle board with size 1.0mm and 9% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWidth
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Weight
(g)
Density
(Kg/m³)
MOR
(mPa)
MOE
(mPa)
B31 50.13 12.12 334.54 109.61 539.26 9.15 1414.49
B12 50.00 12.30 334.34 106.30 516.98 11.11 1604.83
B22 49.87 12.19 334.34 120.55 593.11 15.60 2046.39
B32 49.81 12.24 330.78 112.35 557.10 13.65 1857.85
B13 49.94 12.35 327.58 100.15 495.70 11.54 1686.00
Particle board with size 1.0mm and 11% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWidth
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Weight
(g)
Density
(Kg/m³)
MOR
(mPa)
MOE
(mPa)
C21 49.95 12.03 329.40 116.11 586.60 18.28 2338.03
C31 49.91 12.06 329.39 124.44 627.65 20.14 2785.34
C12 50.30 12.24 336.55 105.52 509.26 13.96 1817.18
C23 50.03 11.97 333.15 116.59 584.38 15.24 2195.21
C33 50.01 12.09 334.24 126.16 624.28 19.56 2396.40
37
Particle board with size 2.0mm and 7% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWidth
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Weight
(g)
Density
(Kg/m³)
MOR
(mPa)
MOE
(mPa)
D11 50.21 12.43 312.40 100.60 515.97 9.03 1547.24
D12 50.67 12.56 326.52 109.39 526.41 11.39 1694.41
D22 50.27 12.81 325.87 114.64 546.30 11.54 1686.76
D23 49.93 12.27 322.72 110.22 557.48 10.35 1583.07
D33 49.93 12.14 326.29 116.08 586.91 12.26 1823.46
Particle board with size 2.0mm and 9% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWidth
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Weight
(g)
Density
(Kg/m³)
MOR
(mPa)
MOE
(mPa)
E11 49.58 12.23 277.26 110.76 658.81 11.66 1657.07
E21 49.57 12.27 275.61 114.15 680.95 10.75 1777.00
E32 50.04 12.12 325.78 110.63 559.92 14.19 1836.78
E23 50.00 12.03 332.51 109.74 548.69 13.10 1744.74
E33 49.97 12.07 331.75 113.10 565.24 13.29 1841.16
Particle board with size 2.0mm and 11% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWidth
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(mm)
Weight
(g)
Density
(Kg/m³)
MOR
(mPa)
MOE
(mPa)
F21 50.45 12.24 333.51 116.43 565.34 17.37 2297.58
F31 50.14 12.03 332.84 126.80 631.59 20.47 2906.18
F32 49.52 12.15 337.08 129.70 639.51 16.56 2196.79
F23 50.36 12.06 329.21 118.44 592.37 17.90 2455.66
F33 50.02 12.03 329.46 123.64 623.66 19.59 2683.58
38
Internal Bonding Testing
Particle board with size 1.0mm and 7% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWeight
(g)
Length
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Density
(Kg/m³)
IB
(mPa)
A12 17.26 50.54 12.26 50.59 550.46 1.38
A22 16.60 50.03 12.17 50.65 538.41 1.16
A42 15.90 50.46 12.39 50.68 501.69 0.99
A52 15.62 50.64 12.27 50.63 496.39 1.07
A62 17.74 50.61 12.39 50.45 560.86 1.45
A72 17.42 50.61 12.46 50.58 546.19 1.26
A33 17.28 50.52 12.36 50.61 546.64 0.95
A53 18.91 50.38 12.34 49.80 610.72 0.90
A63 19.17 50.48 12.56 50.47 599.17 0.90
Mean 17.32 50.47 12.36 50.50 550.06 1.12
Particle board with size 1.0mm and 9% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWeight
(g)
Length
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Density
(Kg/m³)
IB
(mPa)
B31 16.41 49.80 12.14 49.84 544.61 1.02
B71 16.46 50.37 12.25 50.17 531.58 1.12
B12 16.93 50.36 12.47 50.35 535.37 1.13
B32 18.42 48.87 12.23 50.18 614.01 1.46
B52 15.49 50.47 12.24 50.40 497.35 1.05
B23 19.42 50.01 12.16 50.48 632.45 1.49
B43 17.69 50.19 12.29 50.28 570.22 1.49
B53 16.59 50.24 12.18 50.13 540.75 1.22
B73 18.75 50.33 12.14 50.20 611.33 1.51
Mean 17.35 50.07 12.23 50.23 564.19 1.28
39
Particle board with size 1.0mm and 11% phenol formaldehyde PF
SampleWeight
(g)
Length
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Density
(Kg/m³)
IB
(mPa)
C21 20.63 50.46 11.97 50.44 677.02 2.04
C31 20.00 50.54 11.97 50.03 660.67 2.02
C51 18.10 50.22 12.08 50.28 593.23 1.75
C71 21.06 50.34 12.07 50.55 685.61 2.14
C2'2 19.49 50.56 12.38 50.53 616.35 1.95
C32 18.99 49.68 12.04 50.51 628.42 2.06
C3'2 22.26 22.26 50.40 12.37 1603.98 1.69
C23 19.33 50.29 11.89 50.63 638.47 1.93
C53 19.33 50.65 12.01 50.77 625.77 2.18
Mean 19.91 47.22 16.31 46.23 747.72 1.97
Particle board with 2.0mm and 7% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWeight
(g)
Length
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Density
(Kg/m³
)
IB
(mPa)
D31 19.79 50.59 12.23 50.15 637.90 0.82
D61 15.89 50.45 12.36 49.95 510.26 0.76
D71 17.959 50.53 12.32 50.58 570.35 0.53
D22 19.67 50.71 12.13 49.94 640.26 0.72
D42 17.77 50.62 12.29 50.41 566.56 0.56
D62 18.83 50.57 12.16 50.44 606.92 0.56
D13 18.70 51.13 12.18 50.61 593.31 0.74
D2'3 18.211 50.51 12.86 50.31 557.26 0.49
D4'3 20.22 49.85 12.56 50.61 638.10 0.79
Mean 18.56 50.55 12.34 50.33 591.21 0.66
40
Particle board with 2.0mm and 9% phenol formaldehyde.
SampleWeight
(g)
Length
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Density
(Kg/m³
)
IB
(mPa)
E31 17.64 49.37 12.32 50.26 577.00 0.57
E1'2 19.23 50.39 12.42 50.50 608.51 0.88
E2'2 19.51 50.56 12.41 49.70 625.67 0.46
E3'2 17.89 50.52 12.45 49.43 575.42 0.97
E52 18.37 50.50 12.04 50.62 596.69 0.62
E13 15.87 50.46 12.28 50.58 506.45 0.63
E23 16.51 50.95 12.04 50.92 528.55 0.78
E33 16.48 449.83 12.05 51.51 59.01 0.59
E43 16.96 50.33 12.21 50.53 546.18 0.87
E53 17.20 50.53 12.02 50.43 561.61 0.58
Mean 17.57 90.34 12.22 50.45 518.51 0.70
Particle board with 2.0mm and 11% phenol formaldehyde
SampleWeight
(g)
Length
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Density
(Kg/m³
)
IB
(mPa)
F21 20.48 50.56 12.00 49.88 676.86 1.44
F31 20.03 50.32 11.91 50.09 667.20 1.20
F32 17.37 49.56 12.15 50.59 570.17 1.00
F62 15.10 50.15 12.30 50.51 484.58 1.19
F13 16.43 50.30 12.15 50.57 531.59 1.44
F33 19.20 49.79 12.16 50.62 626.60 1.42
F43 16.40 50.63 12.24 50.74 521.50 1.48
F53 16.93 50.53 12.04 50.42 551.89 1.56
F63 18.96 50.60 12.20 50.60 606.82 1.41
Mean 17.88 50.27 12.13 50.45 518.91 1.35
41
42
Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption
Particle board with 1.0mm and 7% phenol formaldehyde
SampleInitial
thickness(mm)
Initial
weight
(g)
Final
thickness(m
)
Final
weight
(g)
TS (%)WA
(%)
A 21 12.33 15.03 15.53 36.28 25.95 141.36
A 41 12.61 14.20 15.75 34.83 24.90 145.31
A 51 12.57 14.61 15.59 36.66 24.03 151.03
A 12 12.21 17.97 15.33 37.84 25.55 110.54
A 22 12.15 16.43 15.22 36.38 25.27 121.49
A 32 12.45 16.27 15.44 36.57 24.02 124.79
A 42 12.51 14.07 15.20 34.69 21.50 146.60
A 52 12.42 16.09 15.48 37.28 24.64 131.68
A 62 12.53 16.61 15.65 37.91 24.90 128.17
Mean 12.42 15.70 15.47 36.49 24.53 133.44
Particle board with 1.0mm and 9% phenol formaldehyde.
SampleInitial
thickness(mm)
Initial
weight
(g)
Final
thickness(mm)
Final
weight
(g)
TS
(%)
WA
(%)
B 42 12.50 12.44 15.08 33.48 20.64 169.12
B 62 12.44 15.02 15.33 36.87 23.23 145.41
B 13 12.11 19.91 14.77 37.54 21.97 88.57
B 23 11.96 19.19 14.72 36.79 23.08 91.77
B 33 12.35 17.00 14.99 35.73 21.38 110.18
B 43 12.33 16.66 15.21 35.52 23.36 113.24
B 53 12.13 18.35 14.97 36.78 23.41 100.39
B 63 12.28 15.31 14.76 35.10 20.20 129.27
B 73 12.21 16.44 14.87 36.55 21.79 122.35
Mean 12.26 16.70 14.97 36.04 22.12 118.92
43
Particle board with 1.0mm and 11% phenol formaldehyde phenol formaldehyde
Sample
no
Initial
thickness(mm)
Initial
weight
(g)
Final
thickness(mm)
Final
weight
(g)
TS
(%)
WA
(%)
C 71 12.19 18.16 14.11 35.45 15.75 95.24
C 12 12.01 21.38 14.01 36.13 16.65 69.01
C 42 12.21 15.66 14.05 33.57 15.07 114.41
C 62 12.22 15.88 14.17 33.62 15.96 111.69
C 72 12.30 15.81 14.30 34.15 16.26 115.96
C 13 12.02 18.34 13.97 35.01 16.22 90.85
C 23 12.00 19.51 13.95 35.77 16.25 83.36
C 63 11.97 14.08 13.92 31.81 16.29 125.87
C 73 12.23 15.48 14.17 33.46 15.86 116.16
Mean 12.13 17.14 14.07 34.33 16.03 102.51
Particle board with 2.0mm and 11% phenol formaldehyde
SampleInitial
thickness(mm)
Initial
weight
(g)
Final
thickness(mm)
Final
weight
(g)
TS
(%)
WA
(%)
F 11 12.15 18.62 14.29 36.08 17.61 93.83
F 51 12.07 16.14 14.50 35.21 20.13 118.13
F 61 12.24 14.61 14.35 34.66 17.24 137.25
F 71 12.14 17.27 14.30 35.92 17.79 108.02
F 12 12.08 19.32 14.45 36.80 19.62 90.44
F 22 12.05 15.49 14.49 34.25 20.25 121.19
F 52 12.22 18.61 14.65 36.71 19.89 97.28
F 62 12.15 15.73 14.56 35.44 19.84 125.28
F 72 12.35 16.05 14.85 36.03 20.24 124.45
Mean 12.16 16.87 14.49 35.68 19.18 112.87
44
Summary result
SAMPLES MOE MOR IB TS WA
A
1.0mm
7%pf
1460.98 10.02 1.12 24.53 133.44
B
1.0mm
9%pf
1721.91 12.21 1.28 22.12 118.92
C
1.0mm
11%
2306.43 17.44 1.97 16.03 102.51
D
2.0mm
7%pf
1666.99 10.01 0.69 31.73 119.76
E
2.0mm
9%pf
1771.35 12.60 0.70 23.46 116.95
F
2.0mm
11%pf
2507.96 18.38 1.35 19.18 11.87
STANDAR
D
>2000
mPa>14m >0.45mPa <12% -
45
Particle board calculation for 7% phenol formaldehyde
1. Calculate total materials required per board
Target density = 600kg/m³
Thickness = 12mm
Length x width = 35mm x 35mm
Material required per board = Length x Width x Thickness x Density
= 35cm x 35cm x 1.2cm³ x 0.6g/cm³
= 882g (at ± 10% equivalence Moisture
Content)
=801.8g (at oven died weight)
2. Calculated resin required
Resin content = 7%
Solid content of resin = 40.2% (as given as supplier)
Amount of liquid resin required = [RS/SC x Wt. per board] + 5%
= (0.09/0.402 x 801.8) + 5%
= 146.58g
3. Calculated equivalence resin content
Equivalent resin content = Liquid resin x solid content
= 139.6 x 0.402
= 56.12g
4. Calculate oven-dried weight of wood flakes
Wood flakes (O/D wt.) = Material wt. – resin wt.
= 801.8g – 56.12g
= 745.68g
46
5. Calculation air-dried weight of wood required
M.C of wood = 3%
Wood (A/D wt.) = [Wood (O/D) x (1 + MC/100)] + 5%
= 745.68 x 1.03 + 5%
= 806.45g
Particle board calculation for 9% phenol formaldehyde
1. Calculate total materials required per board
Target density = 600kg/m³
Thickness = 12mm
Length x width = 35mm x 35mm
Material required per board = Length x Width x Thickness x Density
= 35cm x 35cm x 1.2cm³ x 0.6g/cm³
= 882g (at ± 10% equivalence Moisture
Content)
=801.8g (at oven died weight)
2. Calculated resin required
Resin content = 9%
Solid content of resin = 40.2% (as given as supplier)
Amount of liquid resin required = [RS/SC x Wt. per board] + 5%
= (0.09/0.402 x 801.8) + 5%
= 188.48g
3. Calculated equivalence resin content
Equivalent resin content = Liquid resin x solid content
= 179.51 x 0.402
= 72.16g
47
4. Calculate oven-dried weight of wood flakes
Wood flakes (O/D wt.) = Material wt. – resin wt.
= 801.8g – 72.16g
= 729.64g
5. Calculation air-dried weight of wood required
M.C of wood = 3%
Wood (A/D wt.) = [Wood (O/D) x (1 + MC/100)] + 5%
= 729.64 x 1.03 + 5%
= 789.11g
Particle board calculation for 11% phenol formaldehyde
1. Calculate total materials required per board
Target density = 600kg/m³
Thickness = 12mm
Length x width = 35mm x 35mm
Material required per board = Length x Width x Thickness x Density
= 35cm x 35cm x 1.2cm³ x 0.6g/cm³
= 882g (at ± 10% equivalence Moisture
Content)
=801.8g (at oven died weight)
2. Calculated resin required
Resin content = 11%
Solid content of resin = 40.2% (as given as supplier)
Amount of liquid resin required = [RS/SC x Wt. per board] + 5%
= (0.11/ 0.402 x 801.8) + 5%
= 230.37g
48
3. Calculated equivalence resin content
Equivalent resin content = Liquid resin x solid content
= 219.40 x 0.402
= 88.20g
4. Calculate oven-dried weight of wood flakes
Wood flakes (O/D wt.) = Material wt. – resin wt.
= 801.8g – 88.20g
= 713.6g
5. Calculation air-dried weight of wood required
M.C of wood = 3%
Wood (A/D wt.) = [Wood (O/D) x (1 + MC/100)] + 5%
= 713.6 x 1.03 + 5%
= 771.76g
49