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Existing opportunities for germplasm in breeding
Andreas Peil
Frutibreedomics, Stakeholder Day, Zürich 11th February 2014
The history of preservation of fruit genetic resources
Collections of fruit genetic resources belonging to different species exist as long as fruit growing
The collection activities and the description of historical cultivars boomed at the 18th and 19th century
Adrian Diel (1756-1839) was one of the pioneers, who prepared extensive descriptions of historical cultivars
Systematic preservation in public collections starts at the beginning of the 20th century
In parallel there were many activities done by NGOs
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Fruit genetic resources management
Germplasm assembly through donation and exchange from exsiting collections and through expeditions in the centres of origin
Conservation of germplasm in ex-situ field collections and developing safety back-up collections by cryopreservation
Characterization of morpho-agronomic traits and screening of germplasm against abiotic and biotic stresses
Utilization of germplasm in breeding (including related species)Facing challenges of the future (climate changes, new
diseases, new isolates, changing demands, novelties, enlarging genetic diversity)
Germplasm is a source of genetic diversity and a pre-requisite to ensure resilience
of peach to biotic and abiotic threats in changing environments Locally adapted varieties (landraces) are an important source
of favorable traits of robustness and adaption to local condition which can be exploited in breeding actions
Wild relative are also an important source of resistance in peach, a species often lacking of resistance traits
Germplasm can be also a source of innovative agronomical and pomological traits
Why germplasm is important for our work
Alessandro Liverani, CRA
Robustness and resilience in a climatic change context
• Low temperatures during bloom
Heterogeneous
development of fruit
Blind nodesDouble fruits
What opportunities germplasm can offer to peach
Alessandro Liverani, CRA
Higher levels of antioxidant compounds Varietal
Diversification
Extend life span of the fruit: the Stony hard trait
What opportunities germplasm can offer to peach
Interesting traits as:
The great taste of the old germplasm
Bella di Cesena
Alessandro Liverani, CRA
What opportunities germplasm can offer to peach
Start F1 F2 F3
Ex:Resistance to Powdery mildew in nectarines
Tolerance to diseases
Almond
Davidiana
Ex:Resistance to Plum Pox Virus in peach
Alessandro Liverani, CRA
Comparability of descriptions:Apple descriptors
Markus Kellerhals, Agroscope
Morphological description and variety identification
Morphological description Phenology Tree characters Fruit characters
Variety identification Classical (pomological knowledge) Molecular analysis (set of SSR
markers)
Markus Kellerhals, Agroscope
Test of susceptibility to V. inaequalis, P. leucotricha and E. amylovora
Scab and powdery mildew 600 apple accessions 2 trees each 1 st leaf 2008 References: Jonathan, Boskoop, Bohnapfel,
Berlepsch, Discovery, Berner Rosen, Sauergrauech, Goldparmäne
Controls: Gravensteiner (P. leucotricha), Golden Del. (V. inaequalis)
No fungicides from 2nd leaf onwardFire blight
114 apple and 20 pear accessionsAround 10 trees per accession
Markus Kellerhals, Agroscope
2.569 cultivars / accessions in field collection
Fruit Gene Bank Dresden-Pillnitz
Number of cultivars
Apple 832
Pear 123
Sweet cherry 179
Tart cherry 102Plum 42
Strawberry 286
Sea buckthorn 27
Total 1591
Wild speciesNumber of accessions
Malus sp. 507
Pyrus sp 63
Prunus sp 81
Sorbus sp 30
Other fruit species 33
Fragaria sp 264
Total 978
Evaluation of resistance to diseases
Fire blight Powdery mildewApple scab
Fire blight resistance in apple
Looking for new sources of resistance
Malus × robusta 5 QTL on LG3 after shoot infection QTL on LG3 after flower infection
Malus fusca QTL for resistance on LG10
Malus baccata QTL for resistance on LG12
Isolation of the fire blight resistance gene from M. x robusta 5
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QTL-Mapping
Population Idared and Malus × robusta 5
Chromosome Walking
a resistance gene candidate was found and isolated
Evaluation of the functionality of the candidate gene
Transformation into the apple cultivar Gala and Pinova
CH03E030.0Fem181.5
PAGM48_777.9
CH03G0712.8
PAGM38_37416.2P12M49_16018.1HI03D0618.6E33M32_30421.0GD12_L123.3E40M33_37624.9PAGM42_16627.6PAGM32_21728.6PAGM38_35630.2
AU22365736.2
P12M40_27140.4
MS14H0346.6PAGM32_22847.8P14M49_28149.5
CH03G12B58.8
Chromosom 3
Resistance to fire blight from Mr5
Resistance gene of Mr5 has been isolated and function proved in transgenic Gala
Transgenic Gala linesBroggini et al. (2014) Engineering fire blight resistance into the apple cultivar 'Gala' using the FB_MR5 CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene of Malus × robusta 5. Plant Biotechnology Journal accepted
Characterization for future use
Fruit quality Screening fruit quality with ‚Pimprenelle‘ robotic machine
Juice Production of true to type juices Sensory scoring by experts Analyses of the samples in the laboratory
Brandy Production of true to type brandies Sensory scoring and description by experts
Markus Kellerhals, Agroscope
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Old apple cultivars from the 15. and 18. century
Use of ‚old‘ varieties in ACW apple breeding (crosses 2006 and 2007)
Mother Father Seeds Nb in step 1
ACW 12556 Sternapi 468 10
Dülmener Rosenapfel ACW 12309 141 21
ACW 11309 Roter Herbstcalville 96 -
Rucliva Gelber Bellefleur 644 370
Milwa Krimskoe 1167 50
Milwa Korastojnka 979 40
Markus Kellerhals, Agroscope
Looking for new traits
Material from collections
examples:
Malus sieversii – Material from expeditions of US scientists to Central Asia
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• 130.000 seeds from 892 trees collected
• Evaluation was realized in 25 institutions around the the world, the Fruit Gene bank Dresden-Pillnitz was involved
• 1.054 seedlings were evaluated
• A core-collection of the species was established with 94 genotypes.
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Flachowsky H et al. (2011) Russisch Deutsche Kaukasusexpedition 2011. Obstbau 12, 652-656Hanke M-V et al. (2012) Collecting fruit genetic resources in the North Caucasus region. J. f. Kulturpflanzen 64: 126-136.Höfer M et al. (2012) Russisch-Deutsche Kaukasusexpedition 2011. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 436: 92-96.Flachowsky H et al. (2013) Russisch-deutsche Kaukasusexpedition 2012. Obstbau 1, 52-56.
Malus orientalis – Material from expeditions to Northern Caucasus, Russia in 2011 and 2012
Malus orientalis – Material from expeditions to Northern Caucasus, Russia in 2011 and 2012
• 17.716 seeds from 171 trees collected
• Pyrus caucasica
• Prunus cerasifera
Evaluation of disease resistance of the Malus orientalis material from Northern Caucasus expeditions
Aim: Utilization of resistant material in breeding• Inoculation of seedlings in greenhouse against scab• Inoculation of seedlings in greenhouse against mildew• Inoculation of seedlings in greenhouse against fireblight
Results• 2011: 21 seedling without any symptoms of powdery mildew and apple scab• 2012: 31 seedling without any symptoms of powdery mildew and apple scab
Malus orientalis – the Caucasian applec
Thanks for your attention
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M. kansuensis, M. toringoides, M. transitoria, M. sieboldii, M. prattii, M. hupehensis6 Malus species represented by 618 seedlings from 47 accessions, under evaluation
Malus species – Material from expeditions to China, province Sechuan
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge financial support for Swiss National Campaign Plants (NCP) by the Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture and the NGO Fructus