1 allison dutoit

Changing the urban design paradigm: Mobility oriented planning Allison Dutoit Head of Gehl Studio, Gehl Architects Architect; BFA, M. Arch

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Reducing CO2 emissions, conserving land and making transport more efficient go hand in hand with improving quality of life. Working in collaboration with the Institute for Transport and Development Policy (ITDP), Gehl Architects is working to shift the discourse about sustainability advising municipal governments and building the capacity of local practitioners in emerging economies throughout Latin America, India and China.

Think Mobility rather than transit Gehl Approach

Shifting the discourse in a time of scarcity

1. Exemplify change rather than lobby for it (New York City)

2. Consider Behaviour

3. What gets measured gets done

4. A smart city for people (SF)

Think Mobility rather than transit

It’s not just about transit…

It’s about the experience of mobility

And everything that comes in between

Micro-mobility

Mobility…. It is about bicycling and public space ...

... and about pedestrians and public transport

It is about bicycling and public transport

It’s about joined-up thinking

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Arriving and seeing the next connection: visually tuned in, timed well, convenient.

It´s about what you create around transport hubs

It´s about what you create around transport hubs

Joined-up thinking to make for better quality of life…

It’s about everyone….

It’s about everyone! It’s about everyone!



It’s about sustainability?

….”location close to transit!”

Reduction of CO2 by locating workplaces close to transit stations has 10 times more effect than insulating new buildings from the normal standard to a higher level.

”The role of the cities in the climate strategy” Byernes rolle i klimastrategien, Frederikshavn Kommune, Sønderborg Kommune, Albertslund Kommune og COWI A/S 2009

Reduction of C02 by further insulation of new buildings


0,08 ton/year/workplace (From The Danish Building Code standards to the level below a zero energy house called “klasse 1”)

Reduction of C02 by building close to transit-stations =10 x larger effect


0,70 ton/year/workplace (Moving the buildings with in 7-8 minutes walking distance)

There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently what should not be done at all

– Peter Drucker

Shifting the discourse

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We thus first discuss what we mean by sustainability and in turn:Livability.

We need both simultaneously

Sustainability is about the viatality of the planet tomorrow: A global issue

Livability is about the lifestyle of people today: A local issue

Good for You Good for the Planet

Gehl Approach

Cultures are different…

Climates are different…

But the way People inhabit and use Space is universal

“Man is man’s greatest joy” (Old Icelandic saying)

PEOPLE ARE NOT IN THE CENTER OF THE CURRENT PLANNING PROCESS

- Traffic departments

-- Data on traffic volumes and needs

-- Prognoses for future traffic volumes

- Departments for pedestrians and public life

- Statistics for the use of public spaces

- Strategies for development of city life culture

All cities have

Few cities have

Joined-up thinking

Designing objects

Making places (creating opportunities for place to flourish)

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This is also about linking public transit to the larger public spae

Two key indicators to help city leaders make wiser decisions about the city for people

• We count how many are walking – Movement

• We log what they are doing when they are staying in a space - Stationary activities

Our work is about the interaction between FORM (buildings and infrastructure) and LIFE

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WE talk about people first, then life, then form (or buildings) – this asks for a paradign shift in planning thinking,

Planning for a Liveable City Not only is new quality criteria required - but also a new planning process

buildings

life

space

5 challenges



3. Process rather than product



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1. Exemplfy change rather than lobby for it – Urban prototyping as a way to ensure effective use of resources, time and money 2. Consider behavior - Measure systems and characteristics of things or measure people and outcomes (health, happiness, safety). Create design and policy incentives that foster sustainable behavior 3. Process rather than product - Rather than creating a universal livability index – can we describe a process of capacity building, data collection and civic engagement that allows regions, cities and neighborhoods to develop their own index? 4. What gets measured gets done - What is the efficiency in which mobility, accessibility to public space and the built environment delivers health and well-being in the 21st century? 5. A smart city for people - Using technology to augment everyday urban routines only increases the need for thoughtfully designed streets and public spaces

1. Exemplfy change rather than lobby for it – Urban prototyping as a way to ensure effective use of resources, time and money 2. Consider behavior - Measure systems and characteristics of things or measure people and outcomes (health, happiness, safety). Create design and policy incentives that foster sustainable behavior 4. What gets measured gets done - What is the efficiency in which mobility, accessibility to public space and the built environment delivers health and well-being in the 21st century? 5. A smart city for people - Using technology to augment everyday urban routines only increases the need for thoughtfully designed streets and public spaces

Urban prototyping as a way to ensure effective use of resources, time and money


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Pilot projects

NEW YORK – WORLD CLASS STREETS

Measuring what matters

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A pilot project based process enabling city spaces to be re-imagined. Change of mindset, leading to development of a public realm strategy and permanent projects

A CITY OF SCAFFOLDING

Quantifying impressions

Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk

Framing the situation politically

Times Square

Seeing places with fresh eyes

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PUBLIC SPACES ARE HARD TO GET TO

Broadway scheme

Access is allowed but through traffic is prohibited

And space is reclaimed as the ‘Pearls on a String’ for Broadway

Herald Square - before

Herald Square - after

Herald Square - before

Herald Square - after

DOT used in-house staff and resources to deliver the project. Estimated cost $1.5 million

New opportunities to experience the City


Invitations to soak in the atmosphere – Times Square


40% decrease in pedestrian injuries in Times Square

74% of New Yorkers say Times Square has improved dramatically

42% of NYC residents shop in Times Square more often

84% more people are lingering (eg. Reading, eating)

The percentage of area employees satisfied with the Times Square experience increased by 72% (from 43% to 74% of those surveyed)

17% improvements in travel time

11% increase in pedestrian numbers

63% decrease in injuries

35% decrease in pedestrian injuries throughout project

Source: Sustainable streets index – 2010 NYC DOT

1. Should the temporary ever become permanent? - or should it just evolve with the fast changing cultural landscape ? 2. How do we shorten the time between design and implementation of large infrastructure projects like the CPH metro (designed in the 90’s built up through 2018)

Pilot Projects & Rapid Urban Prototyping



Measure systems and characteristics of things or measure people and outcomes (health, happiness, safety). Create design and policy incentives that foster sustainable behavior

World Energy Outlook 2009

IEA/OECD

By 2030, energy efficiency and behavior change will offset more CO2 than all the new wind, solar, and other alternative energy generation methods combined

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IT HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED AT SPITAFIELDS MARKET ITS BEING PURSUED IN OTHER PARTS OF THE CITY FRINFE, AT ALDGATE IT HAS BEEN THE DIRECTION PURSUED SO FAR AT BISHOPSGATE

Measuring building focuses on the sustainability of building construction….

And doesn’t engage enough in capitalising on some of the human behavioral savings .

Measuring Systems and Things OR measuring People and Relations

Ridership

ProposedActual

Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure?

1/5 of Projected Use Projected 2.2 million passengers per day - Actually 450,000

Dehli Metro Rail Corporation

Regular metro riders are being subsidized $712 USD/year Average Income in India is $510 USD/year

Ridership

ProposedActual

Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure?

1/2 of Projected Use Flintholm hub projected at 13,270 but only 7,500

Metroselskabet

7.3 billion write off of value of project Ridership expected to fall an additional 15-23% 12 billion kr. Extension under construction

Inviting a new user group…

…locals


A place more accessible for all

Copenhagen Municipal Vision

Copenhagen has a vision We will become the world’s most liveable city: a sustainable city with urban space inviting people to a unique and varied urban life. We will become a metropolis for people.




The Portland Plan


The Portland Plan


The Portland Plan


Copenhagen

Copenhagen’s Bicycle Account Every second year from 1995

The Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2013

Why do Danes cycle?

Is it because of the environment? Copenhageners cycling

save over 90.000 t CO2 annually

5% state that it is because of the environment

Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2010

A larger percentage bike for financial reasons ….

15% state that it is because it is cheap


Even more because cycling is part of a healthy lifestyle ...

17% state that it is because of the exercise


But most people bike because it is the most convenient, fast, direct and pleasurable way to move through the city!

63% state that it is because it is convenient and fast and most direct and pleasurable?


People don’t change their behavior when you tell them to;

People change when the context compels them to

Copenhagen Modal Split 63% of those who bike do so out of convenience

København and Amsterdam: Investment per. capita approx. 180 per year, share of trips +30%

Holland: Investment per. capita approx. 180 per year, share of trips around. 30%

Capital Region: Investment per. capita 82 per year, share of trips 17%

Investment works

How can we promote or ’nudge’ people to align their habits with the needs of the planet? •Investing in public transport is only worthwhile if it people choose to use it. •A building is only sustainable if it is part of a sustainable network •Investment in green technology is only sustainable if people behave the way we predict they will



What is the efficiency at which mobility, accessibility to public space, and the built environment delivers health and well-being in the 21st century?


Learning from use and adapting

The Third Generation of Pilot Projects places the bicycle lane next to parked cars

50% earned in 7 extra years of productive life 20% saved on fewer days of illness 30% on health care savings

Efficiently using scarce public resources

Safety in numbers…..

As the number of cyclists in the city increased The number of serious accidents decreased

Safety in numbers…..

INCENTIVES, BARRIERS, SOCIAL NORMS

Measure

Test

Refine

1. Can we capture the social and cultural value of investments made in mobility as well as the economic and environmental ones 2. Can we create a quality criteria for mobility based on comfort, convenience, and quality of experience


Using technology to augment everyday urban routines only increases the need for thoughtfully designed streets and public spaces and networks

4. A smart city for people

BETTER MARKET STREET

APPROACH

VISION – A NEW SYNERGY

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Transportation Workhorse Market Street moves a substantial number of people on transit, walking and cycling, and needs to function efficiently and effectively. Transportation is a big part of its identity. It currently does not function as well as it could, and that needs to be improved. A place onto itself Market Street should be a destination; a place where people come to promenade and hang out. It currently does not invite people to stay, nor is it known as a place to be. Market Street needs to be designed as a busy social space.

VISION – A NEW SYNERGY

5 Thematic issues 1. Public Space

2. Street Life

3. Bicycle Facility

4. Public Transit

5. Private vehicle circulation

PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE

City Space District Scale Local Node

STREETLIFE

THE STREETLIFE ZONE

THE STREETLIFE ZONE CONNECTOR

THE STREETLIFE ZONE NODE

THE STREETLIFE ZONE NODE

A SERIES OF NEW EXPERIENCES

BICYCLE FACILITY

BICYCLE FACILITY

TRADE-OFFS

A cycletrack reduces conflicts between vehicles and bicyclists but increases potential conflicts with commercial and passenger loading activity, including accessible services.

A shared bicycle lane retains conflicts with vehicles and boarding activity but reduces these with pedestrians. However, vehicle conflicts would be reduced with more vehicle restrictions.

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•A cycletrack provides a separated facility and protection between intersections but cuts into the streetlife zone. •A cycletrack reduces conflicts between vehicles and bicyclists but increases potential conflicts with commercial and passenger loading activity, including accessible services. •For either enhanced local or rapid transit options, a cycletrack will result in transit customers crossing the cycletrack to reach the transit stop. •A shared lane requires sharing curb lane with vehicles but does not cut into the streetlife zone. •A shared lane retains conflicts with vehicles and boarding activity but reduces these with pedestrians. However, vehicle conflicts would be reduced with more vehicle restrictions. •A shared lane with enhanced local transit will result in more leapfrogging between transit and bicyclists.

PUBLIC TRANSIT

IMPROVING THE EXPERIENCE

FINDING PERFORMANCE MEASURES

The RFP just stipulates •15% improvement in travel time •50% increase in transit capacity

As success criterias this is incredibly limiting – starts with the technical problem, rather than a vision that we work toward achieving.

PRIVATE VEHICLE CIRCULATION

PRIVATE AUTO CIRCULATION OPTIONS

AUTO RESTRICTIONS

1. How can we invite the people that work, live, and visit places like Market Street to meet, linger, collaborate and share knowledge? 2. What types of physical infrastructure, urban design and land uses will facilitate spontaneous or planned interaction? 3. How can smart city technology augment interaction, collaboration, mobility,

4. A smart city for people

Think Mobility rather than transit Gehl Approach






the starting point is people

The starting point

is people

the starting point is people

The starting point

is people

Thank you.

Technology

1 allison dutoit