051102 Online Community Mapping

Online Community Mapping

Online Community MappingOnline Community Mapping

The PNC 2005 Annual Conference and Joint MeetingsThe PNC 2005 Annual Conference and Joint Meetings

Oct.31 to Nov.3, 2005 University of Hawaii at Oct.31 to Nov.3, 2005 University of Hawaii at ManoaManoa

Honolulu,Honolulu, Hawai'iHawai'i

TyngTyng--Ruey Chuang and Andrea WeiRuey Chuang and Andrea Wei--Ching Huang Ching Huang

Institute of Information Science,Institute of Information Science, Academia SinicaAcademia Sinica

Taipei, Taiwan Taipei, Taiwan

Chuang and Huang, 2005

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Last Year: we try to understand 4 dimensions

in Web-based community GIS.

Four dimensions

o Spatial data sources

o Web technologies

o People and Community

o Sustainability


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At this point in time: we can say with confidence

that people, place, participation are emerging in


4


Content for Today:Content for Today:

What PhenomenonWhat Phenomenon

Supporting TheoriesSupporting Theories

A Proposed ModelA Proposed Model

Supporting TechnologiesSupporting Technologies

Geospatial Legal AspectsGeospatial Legal Aspects

ConclusionConclusion


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What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?

interactioninteraction

convergenceconvergence

personal participationpersonal participation

webweb--basedbased geographicalgeographical


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What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?What Phenomenon is sweeping the Internet ?

2003~2004 Online Map UsageOnline Map Usage has increased 60% world wide ( Nielsen NetRatings, October 2004)

2004/ US

2005/ US

Map SearchingMap Searching become top activity online in US.(Pew Internet & American Life Project survey, Dec.2004 )

After GoogleGoogle MapMap release… a proliferation of online

map websites… "This is like the 1990's, when

everyone was creating everything on the Web."(NYTimes, October 20, 2005 )

2005/ UK Data supplied by Ordnance SurveyOrdnance Survey (OS) adds an

annual value of more than £100bn to the UKUK

economyeconomy. (Guardian, April 7, 2005)


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We trace the emergence of specific We trace the emergence of specific

features:features: see appendix Isee appendix I


8


2.2. Supporting TheoriesSupporting Theories

In conceptualizing the making of Online

Community Mapping (OCM), we draw

on the theoretical perspectives of

NaNaïïve Geography ve Geography

Participatory ResearchParticipatory Research

Online Community Framework (OCF)Online Community Framework (OCF)


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a multidisciplinarymultidisciplinary research

which is involved at least

geography,geography, sociologysociology, &

information/ computer scienceinformation/ computer science

see appendix II


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common-sense

geography of the world

next-generation GIS

theory base

allow “errors” &

“inconsistent”

In theory, naIn theory, naïïve geography ve geography

stressstress


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classify a diverse collection of classify a diverse collection of

these phenomena these phenomena


12


In theory, social geographyIn theory, social geography

focuses on the relationships focuses on the relationships

betweenbetween peoplepeople andand placeplace..

Among these, participatory research Among these, participatory research

offers a model of community offers a model of community

development.development.


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issues to understand geoissues to understand geo--spatial mapping spatial mapping


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examples to understand geoexamples to understand geo--spatial mapping spatial mapping

UpMyStreetUpMyStreet

Window to My Window to My

EnvironmentEnvironment

TSMTSM

CommunityCommunity MappingMapping

NetworkNetwork

Community AtlasCommunity AtlasTIGERTIGER

BlogmapperBlogmapper

GeoURLGeoURLCHiRPCHiRP

ProjectOneMapProjectOneMap

GoogleGoogle

YahooYahoo

MSNMSN

MapMapPPGISPPGIS

PGISPGISCiGISCiGIS

CMAPCMAP

OpenStreetMapOpenStreetMap

FreeGISFreeGIS

OrdanceOrdance SurveySurvey

NSDINSDI


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3. A Proposed Model3. A Proposed Model


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A Proposed ModelA Proposed Modelfor a for a commoncommon--sense geographysense geography of the worldof the world

functionalize


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online collaborative communitiesonline collaborative communities:

popularity of online communities is increasing

which based around bloggers, wikis,…

phenomenalize


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participatory community mappingparticipatory community mapping :

providing participants an approach to their self-representation, a

systematic process for identifying capacities and barriers, as well

as serving as a resource for mobilizing community opportunities

theorize


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A Proposed ModelA Proposed Model

functionalize

theorize

phenomenalizeweb technology

integrated


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ThereforeTherefore we define *online we define *online

community mapping* :community mapping* :

The process of collaborative The process of collaborative

mapping of geomapping of geo--spatial domains spatial domains

where people participate online.where people participate online.


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4.4. Supporting TechnologiesSupporting Technologies

“Web technologies are beginning to

enable users to more beyond the

role of passive receiverspassive receivers to become

active participantsactive participants in collaborative

information flows.”(Rogers. N.,2003)


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Geography Information Geography Information

TechnologyTechnology

In our experience,

Geography Markup Language (GML) and Scalable Vector

Graphics (SVG) well utilize existing open source resources


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Taiwan Population Mapping

(http://tsm.iis.sinica.edu.tw/)

Taipei City GML-based

Interoperable Geo-spatial Systems

map rendering in SVG Topographical map rendering in SVG and GML


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eg.SVGeg.SVG can be used to assist can be used to assist

existing web mapping applicationsexisting web mapping applications

UK hacker: Using SVG for paths in UK hacker: Using SVG for paths in GoogleGoogle MapsMaps

Google Maps API

uses VML

SVG shares a lot

in common with

VML

http://jibbering.com/blog/?p=179


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Theoretically Speaking, Theoretically Speaking,

focus on 2 dimensions of usabilityusability &

sociabilitysociability in which to understand

how technologytechnology may or mustmay or must be

used to improve them.

the emerging of social softwaresocial software

may play a key role in the trend.

OCFOCF


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social software mechanisms enable

group participation and collaboration

Social SoftwareSocial Software

•for document creation (wikiwiki)

•personal publishing and syndication (blogblog)

• social bookmark for links sharing (del.icio.usdel.icio.us)

• photo sharing (flikerfliker)

• social tagging (technoratitechnorati)

•resource sharing (BitTorrentBitTorrent)


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a wella well--mixed bowl ofmixed bowl of

wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_software


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powerful tools for facilitating social powerful tools for facilitating social

communication, creating and communication, creating and

maintaining online communitiesmaintaining online communities

open, simple and freely editabilityopen, simple and freely editability

collaborative software

collaborative software


30


who are combing social software who are combing social software

to geoto geo--placeplace

Examples of (geo + blog) / (geo +wiki), see appendix III


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tie social software to tie social software to

geogeo--place?place?

Why people want toWhy people want to


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In theory, participatory research In theory, participatory research

Mapping is one of the best

participatory techniques.

It also offers participants a way to their

self-representation.

Tool for interrelationship

Contribute to community projects

Capacity building

PRPR


Also because their mechanism designAlso because their mechanism design

1. eliminate technical barriers

2. make the Web accessible as a medium for self expression

and offer two-way channels to communicate with .

Chuang and Huang 2005


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1.1. PermalinkPermalink: makes cross referencing and : makes cross referencing and

discourse easierdiscourse easier

2.2. TrackbackTrackback:: automates cross blog referencing ;

converse and keeps correspondence explicit

and persistent.

3.3. RSS and AtomRSS and Atom, enables easy syndication and , enables easy syndication and

aggregation of blog content.aggregation of blog content.

4.4. Content:Content: excellent knowledge management excellent knowledge management

toolstools


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5. Geospatial Legal AspectsGeospatial Legal Aspects

IT + WebIT + Web

demand for demand for

access to a access to a

variety of geo variety of geo

datadata

data dissemination and licensing frameworksdata dissemination and licensing frameworks

have not kept pace have not kept pace

withwith developmentsdevelopments


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most major mapping agencies copyright most major mapping agencies copyright

theirtheir geodatageodata, except for the US,CAN, , except for the US,CAN,

Brazil, AUS, and NZBrazil, AUS, and NZ


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Whether Governments Have the Whether Governments Have the RightRight toto

LimitLimit andand ChargeCharge for Statefor State--CollectedCollected

GeoDataGeoData??

economyeconomy

rightright

securitysecurity

privacyprivacy

datadata

usabilityusability

ParadoxesParadoxes


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We accept the challenge to answer We accept the challenge to answer

this questionsthis questions

by analysing

pro/con issues

of arguments in

particular

See appendix IV


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Our perspectivesOur perspectives

• online, open, and collaborative exploration of

domain spaces is one of the most successful web

paradigms.

• we advocate more flexible licensing models : CC,

GPL or dual licensing (see Dr. Chuang’s

presentation this morning)

• geo-spatial dataset release should be in source

forms

• and should be accompanied by the necessary data

models (i.e., schema), metadata and catalog

descriptions, data format definitions, and source

code of the related software tools.


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6.6. ConclusionConclusion


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This is a start toward bringing This is a start toward bringing

up many of these issues, andup many of these issues, and

As we widen our examples As we widen our examples

and perspectives, more and and perspectives, more and

more new issues crop up.more new issues crop up.

At least,At least,


OnlineOnline

CommunityCommunity

OnlineOnline

MappingMappingCommunityCommunity

MappingMapping

While these are emerging, and

can be found…


OnlineOnline

CommunityCommunity

OnlineOnline


MappingMapping

open/ collaborative geoopen/ collaborative geo--spatial mapping spatial mapping

isis boosting the phenomenonboosting the phenomenon……


OnlineOnline

CommunityCommunity

OnlineOnline


MappingMapping

GeographyGeography

Information Technology Information Technology

++

Social SoftwareSocial Software

++

Open AccessOpen Access

Conceptualization of Online Community Mapping Conceptualization of Online Community Mapping

Chuang and Huang (2005)


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Comment?Comment?

Criticism?Criticism?

Challenge?Challenge?

……. or. or


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… Cheers!


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50


APPENDIXAPPENDIX


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This research is the key underpinningThis research is the key underpinning

for new emerging trends in the domain of Geo-Spatial Information Sciences that link information to users of that information integrated elements embedded “where, when, who, why, and write” tolink “people, place, and participation”.

For these reasons, we expect this research to be a major innovation –with many unforeseen applications, as well as scientific and social consequences in a potential research manner among a wide range of disciplines.


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Appendix I:Appendix I:trace the emergence of specific featurestrace the emergence of specific features

online community online community

community mappingcommunity mapping

online mappingonline mapping


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Online CommunityOnline Community


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OnlineOnline CommunityCommunity =

Online Data UsersUsers =

Online Data ContributorsContributors

Online Users contribute their data/information

they are exploringthey are exploring

OnlineOnlineSpecificSpecificGroups withGroups withtheir Specific their Specific InterestsInterests

Shared Data/Information Space

However,

nono universally

accepted

definition of

communitycommunity

in complex

networks!

Authority-generated Community-generated data/information


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In the blog scenario, it meansIn the blog scenario, it means……..

self-made contentThe 1st weblog

Tim Bernes- Lee:

http://info.cern.ch

1992

1997Coined the term

“weblog”

John Barger,

Chicago: Robot

Wisdom site

Blogging: boost 1999

Google undertook

Blogger.Blogger (a

popular create-your-

own-Web-diary software)

2003

The 1st posted

Moblogging:

Stuart Woodward

on LiveJournal

2001

Coined the term

“Moblogging”

Adam Greenfield2002

Blog /

WebsiteCommon

+Interest

Relationship+

Hyperlinks

A

community

as a set of

blogs

Authority-generated Community-generated data/information


56


In statistics, it meansIn statistics, it means……..

The 1st weblog

Tim Bernes- Lee:

http://info.cern.ch

1992

1997Coined the term

“weblog”

John Barger,

Chicago: Robot

Wisdom site

Blogging: boost 1999

Google undertook

Blogger.Blogger (a

popular create-your-

own-Web-diary software)

2003

The 1st posted

Moblogging:

Stuart Woodward

on LiveJournal

2001

Coined the term

“Moblogging”

Adam Greenfield2002

5/26/2005

•more than the 10-11 million have been indexed

• more than the 31.6 million hosted blogs

•BlogHerald's estimate of 60 million.

Source: http://www.perseus.com/blogsurvey /


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In the wiki scenario, it means….

Most wikis are open to the general public, and data

most produced by the interested communities..

1995

2001

2002

2005

2003

wiki /

WebsiteCommon

+Interest

Relationship+

Hyperlinks

A

community

as a set of

wikis

established by

Ward Cunningham

Jimbo Wales &

Larry Sanger

build wikipedia

Socialtext: the

1st commercial

open source wiki

Jimmy Wales/

Wikimedia

Foundation

enables documents to be written

collectively (co-authoring)

the Los Angeles

Times

experimented

with using a wiki

in the editorial

section but failed


58


In statistics, it meansIn statistics, it means……..

1995

2001

2002

2005

2003

established by

Ward Cunningham

Jimbo Wales &

Larry Sanger

build wikipedia

Socialtext: the

1st commercial

open source wiki

Jimmy Wales/

Wikimedia

Foundation

the Los Angeles

Times

experimented

with using a wiki

in the editorial

section but failed • 50 million hits per day

• over 793,000 articles

• English-language articles over half a million

• about 40,000 people have contributed

content to Wikipedia

• more than 100 language versions

The case of The case of wikipediawikipedia


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Community MappingCommunity Mapping

What is community mapping?

“It is a process which identifies the location of social, economic

and ecological assets and deficiencies of a community.”

US Urban Strategies Council, 2003


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Projects that use maps, geo-information, information

technologies to build geo-spatial representations of local knowledge,

facilitate public participation, help the public more informed

decision-making, improve planning process, open up local

project opportunities.

A survey of the current GIS literature reveals the following similar

terms used to describe community-based GIS Applications (Peter A. Kwaku

Kyem, 2004): Public Participation GIS (PPGISPPGIS), Participatory GIS (PGISPGIS),

Community Integrated GIS (CiGISCiGIS), Neighborhood-created GIS,

Community Mapping

More Specific to the Points:More Specific to the Points:


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Online Community MappingOnline CCommunity Mapping

Abundant projects/show cases:Abundant projects/show cases:

PPGIS - Public Participation GIS (see Dr.Tsai’s last presentation)

Community Mapping – (New York/, the Community Mapping Assistance Project (CMAP)

Whistler's Community Whistler's Community

Habitat Resources Habitat Resources

Project (Project (CHiRPCHiRP))

PGIS 2005 ConferencePGIS 2005 Conference

www.nonprofitmaps.org pgis2005.cta.int www.chirpwhistler.info


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Online Community MappingOnline CCommunity Mapping

Community Mapping, PGIS, PPGIS and P3DM Virtual Library

www.iapad.org/bibliography.htm


63


Online MappingOnline Mapping

1993 Xerox ParcMap

1995 MapQuest 20052005 GoogleGoogle (Map/Earth),(Map/Earth),

Yahoo, Microsoft, Yahoo, Microsoft, ……


64


major search engine playerssearch engine players initiating street-level web

map services for general public applications such as

transportation, real estate, and local search


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blogblog

MSN Virtual Earth MSN Virtual Earth Yahoo MapYahoo Map

“significantly elevated public awareness

that maps can be useful and funmaps can be useful and fun.”

(Reed, C,2005)


66


let the public/non-experts develop maps online with points on

top


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Appendix II:Appendix II:take a look at the supporting theories

nanaïïve geography ve geography

participatory researchparticipatory research

online community frameworkonline community framework


68


NaNaïïve Geographyve Geography

“The body of knowledge that people have

about the surrounding geographic world.”Egenhofer and Mark, 1995

Egenhofer, M. J., and Mark, D. M., 1995. Naive Geography. In Frank, A. U. and

Kuhn, W., editors, Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS,

Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences No. 988, 1-15.


69


Notion of NaNotion of Naïïve Geographyve Geography

1) common-sense geography of the world

2) next-generation GIS theory base

3) core= spatial + temporal reasoning

4) qualitative reasoning method

5) allow “errors” & “inconsistent”


70



71


Participatory ResearchParticipatory Research

In theory, social geography focuses on the

relationships between peoplepeople and placeplace. Among

these, participatory research offers a model of

community development.

Rachel, Pain (2004), Social geography: participatory research, in Progress in

Human Geography, vol. 28, no.5, pp.652-663

Pain,R (2003), Social geography: on action-orientated research, Progress in

Human Geography 27, 5:649-657


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In the words of Rachel Pain, In the words of Rachel Pain,

““((narrative authoritynarrative authority) gives ) gives

traditionally powerless groups traditionally powerless groups

the power to shape the way the power to shape the way

their identitiestheir identities””


74


Online Community Framework Online Community Framework

(OCF)(OCF)

de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece, J (2004),

A framework for analysing and understanding online communities,Interacting with Computers 16:579-610


75


Components & factors of the OCM Components & factors of the OCM

frameworkframework

social interaction in the

online community

what happens at the human-

computer interface

Revised from

de Souzqa, C.S. & Preece, J (2004),

p580


76


Purpose of OCFPurpose of OCF--based analysesbased analyses

1. To understand how technology

may or mustmay or must be used to improve

usability & sociability.

2. To prevent problems in computer-

mediated communication & social

interaction.


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Appendix III:Appendix III:who are combing social software

to geo-place


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UK Case: ConversationsUK Case: Conversations

Coates, Webb & Magdalinski (2003) observed:

1. Geocoded community = Geocoded Message

board (learn from metafiltermetafilter, a weblogweblog--stylestyle message-board)

2. Every threaded conversation has a specific

geographical location.

3. Designed to help you “meet your neighbors

and discuss local issues” .


79


My profile: postcode geocoded

Conversation Nearby

Conversations

History


80


Here comes the fun part : Here comes the fun part :

ThreadThread--trackingtracking

“T

hre

ad

s a

re n

ot

los

t, p

eo

ple

ca

n

se

e w

he

n t

hin

gs

ch

an

ge

.”

Co

ate

s, W

eb

b &

Mag

dalin

ski

(2003)


81


TheThe WorldKitWorldKit ProjectsProjects

http://brainoff.com/worldkit/examples.php


82


www.blogmapper.com/


Some Other Wiki Mapping Ways

http://http://www.geowiki.co.uk/geowikiwww.geowiki.co.uk/geowiki//


Some Other Wiki Mapping Ways


86


OpenSDIOpenSDI--the Open Spatial Data Infrastructurethe Open Spatial Data Infrastructure

Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI

Wiki LikeWiki LikeeBay like

Google LikeDecentralizedDecentralized

Geospatial web Geospatial web

BENEFITs

• Trust mechanism

• How good data is

BENEFIT

• return searches

based on what

others rate as

valuable

Slashdot Like


87


Chris Holmes’s Wiki + OpenSDI

Wiki LikeWiki Like

eBay like

Google Like

Thoughts

1. Wikipedia for base layer data

2. RSS + Spatial annotation

3. Annotated Tiger dataset ::

• Lets _anyone_ change the content –more

users keeping things up

• allow people to create their own

community-based layers

4. Version Control idea:

Slashdot Like

•A database records every single updates

•(Subversion)Subversion) this last thing is that it allows you to get the list of diffs

on a zoomed in part of the map, that are the ones actually relevant

for the part of the map you are looking at.

••““HistoryHistory”” sectionsection-- just the numbers of the revisions by “wiki history

GML application schema”/ special wiki transaction XML


88


"Because of the advantages in "Because of the advantages in

computing power, suddenly computing power, suddenly

cartography has gone from a readcartography has gone from a read--onlyonly

medium into being medium into being a read/writea read/writemedium."medium."

says by Schuyler Erle, co-author of “Mapping Hacks”

Guardian April 7, 2005


89


Appendix IV:Appendix IV:Whether Governments Have the Right

to Limit and Charge for State-Collected

GeoData?


90


Whether Governments Have the Whether Governments Have the RightRight toto

LimitLimit andand ChargeCharge for Statefor State--CollectedCollected

GeoDataGeoData??

economyeconomy

rightright

securitysecurity

privacyprivacy

datadata

usabilityusability

ParadoxesParadoxes


91


3.Paradoxes3.Paradoxes economyeconomyProPro ConCon


92


rightright3.Paradoxes3.Paradoxes

ProPro ConCon


93


3.Paradoxes3.Paradoxes usabilityusability

ProPro ConCon


94


securitysecurity

privacyprivacy3.Paradoxes3.Paradoxes

ProPro ConCon