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Sentence Structure:Sentence Structure:Sentence TypesSentence Types

Sentence TypesSentence Types

SimpleSimpleCompoundCompoundComplexComplexCompound-ComplexCompound-Complex

Basic ElementsBasic Elementsof of

Every SentenceEvery Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Basic ElementsBasic Elements

Mary plays tennis.

SUBJECT PREDICATE

SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCE

Mary plays tennis.

SUBJECT PREDICATE

one subject one predicate

Simple SentenceSimple Sentence

play tennis.Tom and Mary

Compound Subject

&

Simple SentenceSimple Sentence

play tennis and swim.Tom and Mary

Compound Subject Compound Predicate

& &

SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subjectwith compound subject

Tom and Mary play tennis.

SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject with compound subject

andandcompound predicatecompound predicate

Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.

Compound SentenceCompound Sentence with withCoordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions

SUBJECT PREDICATE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

and

Compound SentenceCompound Sentence

Tom swims,

Mary plays tennis.

and

COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

FOR

AND

NOR

BUT

OR

YET

SO

Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.


Clause 1 Clause 2

Independent Independent


Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.

Comma before “and” in compound

sentences!

COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSCONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

MOREOVER

HOWEVER

OTHERWISE

THEREFORE


Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

Clause 1 Clause 2

Independent Independent


Note: Semicolon before conjunctiveadverb and comma after conjunctive adverb!


Conjunctive Adverbs “float”Conjunctive Adverbs “float”

Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE,AT THE END AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE,AT THE END


Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.

Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.

SemicolonsSemicolons

“If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).

COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:SEMICOLONSEMICOLON

Matt has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.

Complex SentenceComplex Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

even though

Complex SentenceComplex Sentence

Bob is popular

he is ugly.

even though

COMPLEX SENTENCE:COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether,” and while."


Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

Clause 1 Clause 2

Independent Dependent


Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.

Clause 1 Clause 2

Dependent Independent

Examples of complex sentencesExamples of complex sentences

If If the paperwork arrives on timethe paperwork arrives on time,, your your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday. cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.

AfterAfter she had learned to drive she had learned to drive,, Alice felt Alice felt more independent. more independent.

Gerald had to begun his thesis over again Gerald had to begun his thesis over again when when his computer crashed. his computer crashed.

I wondered I wondered whetherwhether the homework was the homework was necessary necessary (or not)(or not). .

Compound-Complex SentenceCompound-Complex Sentence

Mike is popular

he is good looking,

because

he is not very happy.

but

Examples of compound-complex sentencesExamples of compound-complex sentences

Naoki passed the test Naoki passed the test becausebecause he studied he studied hard hard and and understood the material.understood the material.

The package arrived in the morningThe package arrived in the morning, but, but the courier left the courier left beforebefore I could check the I could check the contents.contents.

There are many problems to solve There are many problems to solve beforebefore this program can be usedthis program can be used, but, but engineers engineers

believe believe thatthat they will be able to solve they will be able to solve them soon.them soon.

Analyze these sentencesAnalyze these sentences

1.1. Ottawa is the capital of Canada, Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the capital of but Toronto is the capital of Ontario.Ontario.

2.2. Democracy is a noble goal; it is Democracy is a noble goal; it is important, however, to protect the important, however, to protect the minority from the tyranny of the majority.minority from the tyranny of the majority.

3.3. Unless my girlfriend postpones Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary, I will not her visit from Calgary, I will not have time to study for my examhave time to study for my exam..

4.4. Susanne wanted to be here, but Susanne wanted to be here, but she cannot come because her car she cannot come because her car is in the shop.is in the shop.

5.5. The football game was cancelled The football game was cancelled because it was raining.because it was raining.

6.6. The football game was cancelled The football game was cancelled because of the rain.because of the rain.

7.7. The Island was filled with many trails The Island was filled with many trails winding through the thick underbrush, winding through the thick underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild pigs. a small lake, and dangerous wild pigs.

ReferencesReferences

Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999.

The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.

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