Grammar Review: NOTESGrammar Review: NOTES

We are checking over the notes We are checking over the notes you you should have already taken.should have already taken.

You must add what you don’t have!You must add what you don’t have!

Independent ClauseIndependent Clause Has a Has a subjectsubject and a and a verbverb

May include May include phrasesphrases of all kinds of all kinds

Always has the Always has the main idea/actionmain idea/action of the whole of the whole sentencesentence

Can stand Can stand alonealone as a complete thought as a complete thought

FoundationFoundation for all 4 sentence types (S, CD, CX, & for all 4 sentence types (S, CD, CX, & CDCX)CDCX)

Independent Clause ExampleIndependent Clause ExampleCan have just a Can have just a subjectsubject and and verbverb

… … Joanie swam.Joanie swam.

Can include Can include phrasesphrases

… … Joanie swam across the pond.Joanie swam across the pond.

Subordinate ClauseSubordinate Clause Has a Has a subjectsubject AND a AND a verbverb

May have May have phrasesphrases of all kinds of all kinds

Cannot stand aloneCannot stand alone; is an incomplete thought; must be ; is an incomplete thought; must be tied to/part of an independent clausetied to/part of an independent clause

Can be anywhere in a sentenceCan be anywhere in a sentence

Clause can be an Clause can be an AdverbAdverb or or AdjectiveAdjective or or NounNoun clause clause

Must start with a Must start with a subordinating conjunctionsubordinating conjunction or relative or relative pronounpronoun

Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions AfterAfter AlthoughAlthough AsAs As far asAs far as As ifAs if As long asAs long as As soon asAs soon as As thoughAs though BecauseBecause BeforeBefore Even thoughEven though IfIf

In order thatIn order that SinceSince So thatSo that ThanThan ThoughThough UnlessUnless UntilUntil WhenWhen WheneverWhenever WhereWhere WhereverWherever whilewhile

These words ALWAYS start the subordinate clause

These words always introduce a subject and a verb!

Subordinate Clause ExampleSubordinate Clause ExampleAdverb clause in the front…Adverb clause in the front…

AS LONG AS WE WANDER AIMLESSLY AS LONG AS WE WANDER AIMLESSLY

AROUND THE FORESTAROUND THE FOREST,, we will remain lost. we will remain lost.

• Conjunction (as long as)Conjunction (as long as)• Subject (we)Subject (we)• Verb (wander)Verb (wander)

Note comma use!

Subordinate Clause ExampleSubordinate Clause ExampleAdverb clause in the middleAdverb clause in the middle

Joanie thought Joanie thought ,, WHILE SHE WORKED ON WHILE SHE WORKED ON

THE ENTRIES FOR THE BANKTHE ENTRIES FOR THE BANK ,, about her about her

vacation in Australia.vacation in Australia.

Conjunction (while)Conjunction (while)Subject (she)Subject (she)Verb (worked)Verb (worked)

Note comma use!

Subordinate Clause ExampleSubordinate Clause ExampleAdverb clause in the endAdverb clause in the end

Sally worked hard on her project Sally worked hard on her project BECAUSE BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO EARN THE TOP PRIZE.SHE WANTED TO EARN THE TOP PRIZE.

•Conjunction Conjunction (because)(because)•Subject (she)Subject (she)•Verb (wanted)Verb (wanted)

Note NO comma use!

Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions

ForForAndAndNorNorButButOr Or YetYetsoso

Used to combine independent clauses together.

Uses a comma before the conjunction.

A simple sentence has one independent clause, but a compound sentence has TWO independent clauses!

Conjunctive AdverbsConjunctive Adverbs

F F – furthermore, finally– furthermore, finallyLL – likewise – likewiseAA – also, accordingly – also, accordinglyTT – therefore – thereforeT T – thus– thusHH – however, hence – however, henceII – instead – insteadNN – nevertheless – neverthelessCC – consequently – consequentlyOO – otherwise – otherwiseMM – moreover – moreoverBB – besides – besidesSS – similarly, still – similarly, still

Create Create compoundcompound sentences sentences Needs both a Needs both a semicolonsemicolon and a and a

commacomma

EX: Independent clauses EX: Independent clauses

sometimes need clarificationsometimes need clarification;;

consequentlyconsequently,, we add we add subordinate clauses, phrases, subordinate clauses, phrases, and other descriptors for and other descriptors for understanding.understanding.

SemicolonSemicolon

Used to create Used to create compoundcompound sentences sentencesMeans the same thing as “comma and”Means the same thing as “comma and”

EX: Sally worked on the projectEX: Sally worked on the project;; her efforts her efforts

were noticed by the government.were noticed by the government.

Notice punctuation

3 sentence types taught3 sentence types taught

SimpleSimple (one independent (one independent clause with one subject and clause with one subject and verb pair)verb pair)

SallySally cookedcooked dinner and dinner and playedplayed cards during the cards during the football game.football game.

3 sentence types taught3 sentence types taughtcompoundcompound (two independent clauses (two independent clauses

and 3 ways to write)and 3 ways to write)

SallySally cookedcooked dinner dinner, and, and sheshe playedplayed cards cards during the football game.during the football game.

SallySally waswas distracted distracted; consequently,; consequently, her her pastapasta burnedburned..

Sally’s burned Sally’s burned pastapasta smokedsmoked and and sparkedsparked; ; the fire the fire departmentdepartment arrivedarrived just in time. just in time.

Notice punctuation

3 sentence types taught3 sentence types taught

complexcomplex (one independent (one independent clause with one clause with one subordinate subordinate clause anywhere in the clause anywhere in the sentence)sentence)

WhileWhile Sally Sally cookedcooked dinner dinner and and playedplayed cards cards, the football , the football gamegame endedended..

Notice punctuation

This is a good place to take notes!

ADJECTIVE CLAUSEADJECTIVE CLAUSE Starts with a relative pronoun: Starts with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that who, whom, whose, which, that

(sometimes(sometimes where where oror when when))

Describes a Describes a noun/pronounnoun/pronoun…ALWAYS follows the …ALWAYS follows the noun/pronoun it modifiesnoun/pronoun it modifies

Has a Has a subjectsubject and and verbverb

The relative pronoun may not only relate to the noun modified, The relative pronoun may not only relate to the noun modified, it may also be the it may also be the subject, direct object, object of the subject, direct object, object of the preposition, preposition, oror possessive adjective possessive adjective within the adjective clause within the adjective clause

May be May be essentialessential (no comma) or (no comma) or non-essentialnon-essential (with comma) (with comma)

Adjective Clause ExampleAdjective Clause Example

Joanie’s project Joanie’s project that covered DNA combination that covered DNA combination patternspatterns won first prize. won first prize. (essential: NO (essential: NO commas)commas)

The project, The project, which took 5 years to design,which took 5 years to design, reflected complex DNA patterns in chimps. reflected complex DNA patterns in chimps. (non-essential: needs commas)(non-essential: needs commas)

Noun ClausesNoun Clauses

Used like a noun/pronounUsed like a noun/pronounSubjectSubjectDirect objectDirect objectIndirect objectIndirect objectObject of a prepositionObject of a prepositionPredicate nominativePredicate nominative

Noun ClausesNoun Clauses

Because it’s used like a noun, it cannot be Because it’s used like a noun, it cannot be removed from the sentence like other removed from the sentence like other subordinate clauses.subordinate clauses.

It can be substituted with “Bob” or “it” or It can be substituted with “Bob” or “it” or some other some other noun or pronounnoun or pronoun to check for to check for usage!usage!

Common Intro Words for NOUN Common Intro Words for NOUN ClausesClauses

HowHow IfIf ThatThat WhatWhat WhateverWhatever WhenWhen WhereWhere

WhetherWhether WhichWhich WhoWho WhoeverWhoever WhomWhom WhomeverWhomever WhoseWhose WhyWhy

Noun Clause Example (subject)Noun Clause Example (subject)

Used as the Used as the SubjectSubject

WhateverWhatever Joanie completed for her project Joanie completed for her project will be evaluated by the review board.will be evaluated by the review board.

Bob…It…The WorkBob…It…The Work will be evaluated by the will be evaluated by the review board.review board.

Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (d.o.)Noun Clause Example (d.o.)

Used as the Used as the direct objectdirect object

Joanie gave Joanie gave whatever whatever she had on the she had on the assignmentassignment to the review board. to the review board.

Joanie gave Joanie gave Bob…it…themBob…it…them to the review to the review board.board.

Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (i.o.)Noun Clause Example (i.o.)

Used as the Used as the indirect objectindirect object

Joanie gave Joanie gave who who asked for itasked for it a copy of the a copy of the work. work.

Joanie gave Joanie gave Bob… it… themBob… it… them a copy of the a copy of the work. work.

Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (o.p.)Noun Clause Example (o.p.)

Used as the object of a Used as the object of a prepositionpreposition

Joanie gave a copy of the work Joanie gave a copy of the work toto whoever whoever asked for itasked for it. .

Joanie gave a copy of the work Joanie gave a copy of the work to Bob…it...to Bob…it...

Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Noun Clause Example (p.n.)Noun Clause Example (p.n.)

Used as the predicate nominative (after a Used as the predicate nominative (after a linking verb!)linking verb!)

Joanie’s favorite ice cream is Joanie’s favorite ice cream is whateverwhatever is full is full of nuts and marshmallows!of nuts and marshmallows!

Joanie’s favorite ice cream is Joanie’s favorite ice cream is Bob…it… mintBob…it… mint!!Substitution USUALLY makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

Correlative ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions

Both/andBoth/andNot only/but alsoNot only/but alsoEither/orEither/orNeither/norNeither/norWhether/orWhether/or

These are used to combine ideas within a single clause (usually a simple sentence)

EX: Not only do we need strong grammar usage skills but also excellent sentence construction in communicating effectively.

Compound-Complex SentenceCompound-Complex Sentence

Has 2 Has 2 independent clausesindependent clauses

Has 1 or more Has 1 or more subordinate clausessubordinate clauses

Clauses can be in any order, which makes Clauses can be in any order, which makes these the most difficult sentence type.these the most difficult sentence type.

Will use all types of conjunctionsWill use all types of conjunctions

Compound-Complex Sentence Compound-Complex Sentence EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

Joanie and Bill live in Seattle becauseJoanie and Bill live in Seattle because they they like the arealike the area, but it does rain a lot there., but it does rain a lot there.

Because they like the areaBecause they like the area, Joanie and Bill , Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, but it rains a lot there.live in Seattle, but it rains a lot there.

Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, where it where it rains a lotrains a lot, but they like it there., but they like it there.

Notice subordin-ate clause and punc-tuation

Notice subordin-ate clause and punc-tuation

4 Sentence Types in Review4 Sentence Types in ReviewSimpleSimple

1 subject and 1 verb = 1 clause1 subject and 1 verb = 1 clauseCompoundCompound

1 independent clause + 1 independent clause1 independent clause + 1 independent clauseComplexComplex

1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate 1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate clause(s)clause(s)

Compound-ComplexCompound-Complex2 independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate 2 independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate

clausesclauses