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MUSCLES
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My muscles move my body like strings move a puppet.
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Content Purpose
Students will know and understand what muscles are and how they form an important part of our body system.
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Language Purpose (Topic 6.1)
3 kinds of muscles Voluntary (skeletal) muscles Involuntary (smooth) muscles Cardiac muscles
Muscle fibres Slow twitch muscles Fast twitch muscles
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Language Purpose (Topic 6.2)
Names of different muscle groups Deltoid Biceps Abdominals Quadriceps Pectorals Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Triceps Gluteals Hamstrings Gastrocnemius
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Language Purpose (Topic 6.3)
Tendons Insertion Origin Prime mover Antagonists Fixator Synergists Muscle tone
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Language Purpose (Topic 6.4 / 6.5)
Fatigue Isotonic contraction Isometric contraction Flexibility
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Overview of Muscular System (Video)
(click man for video)
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The muscular system is made up of…
musclesand
tendons
Connects muscle to bone
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Do you know…
You have about 650 muscle groups in your body.
Your muscles make up over 40% of your body weight.
So how much do your muscles weigh?
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My muscles are important because they… Hold my organs in place Hold my bones together so that
I can move Help me chew my food (Voluntary muscle)
Open and close my eyelids (Voluntary muscle) Pump my blood (Cardiac muscle)
Allow me to run and play (Voluntary/skeletal muscle)
Help me to smile! (Voluntary/skeletal muscle)
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Did you know…
It takes more muscles to
frown (43 muscle groups)
than to smile (17 muscle groups)?
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What are the different kinds muscle? There are 3 different
kinds of muscles: Voluntary muscles
Also known as skeletal muscles
The most commonly known kind of muscles
Helps you to move (eg. running and jumping)
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What are the different kinds muscle? There are 3 different
kinds of muscles: Involuntary muscles
Also known as smooth muscles
Found in the internal organs such as oesophagus, stomach, intestines
Help to push the food through the different systems
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What are the different kinds muscle? There are 3 different
kinds of muscles: Cardiac muscles
A special kind of involuntary muscle
Started to work from the day you are born
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Quick Recap:
Voluntary muscles Also known as skeletal muscles
Involuntary muscles Also known as smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles A special kind of involuntary muscle
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Did you know…
Voluntary muscles give shape to your body.
Over 40% of your weight is voluntary muscle
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What are muscles made of ?
Stretchy, elastic cells known as muscle fibres
Every muscle contains a mixture of fibres
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What are muscles made of?
Slow Twitch Fibre (red) Contract slowly,
without much force Do not tire easily
Fast Twitch Fibre (white) Contract much faster,
with more force Tire quickly
Question: What activities are fast/slowtwitch muscles suitable for?
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Did you know…
YOU are born with a fixed ratio of Slow & Fast
twitch muscle fibres
YOU cannot change the ratio
even with training
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Fast Twitch vs Slow Twitch
Fast Twitch Fibres Determines how fast
you can run White in colour Training helps
making these fibres contract more strongly
Training also helps in making fibre tire a little later
Slow Twitch Fibres Determines how long
(endurance) you can run
Red in colour Training helps store
more energy so that you can run even longer
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Did you know…
Chickens have fast and slow twitch muscle, too.
Chicken wings and breasts are largely made up of fast twitch muscle fibres.
Use their wings for brief bursts of flight.
White in colour when cooked.Chicken legs are mainly made up of slow twitch fibres.
Use legs for walking and standing.
Reddish in colour when cooked.
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What are the main muscles?
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Functions of the main musclesMuscle Main action(s)
1 Deltoid Raises your arm sideways at the shoulder.
2 Biceps Bends your arm at the elbow.
3 Abdominals Pull in your abdomen. Flex your trunk so you can bend forward.
4 Quadriceps Straighten your leg at the knee and keep it straight when you stand.
5 Pectorals Raises your arm at the shoulder. Draws at across your chest.
6 Latissimus dorsi
Pulls your arm at the shoulder. Draws it behind your back.
7 Trapezius Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back and sideways.
8 Triceps Straightens your arm at the elbow joint.
9 Gluteal Pull your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip. Gluteus maximus is the largest muscles.
10 Hamstrings Bend your leg at the knee.
11 Gastrocnemius
Straightens at the ankle joint so you can stand on your knees.
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How are muscles attached?
Tendons attach my muscles to my bone helping my body move.
Feel your tendon right above your heel in the back of your leg.
This is the thickest tendon (Achilles tendon) in your body. Fibres of the tendon are embedded in the periosteum (fibrous membrane covering the bone) of the bone. This anchors the tendon strongly and spreads the force of contraction, so that it will not tear easily.
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Origin – muscle attachment to an immoveable bone
Insertion – muscle attachment to a movable bone
When a muscle contracts, the insertion moves towards the origin
How are muscles attached?
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Muscle Tone
Even when a muscle is relaxed, a small amount of fibres are contracted Just sufficiently to keep the muscles tight but
not resulting in movement This amount of muscle contraction helps
keeping body upright when standing and seated
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Did you know…
Why you could stand straight?
Ans:
Because of good muscle tone.
Poor muscle tone – slouching, hunch back.
Good muscle tone.
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Muscles contract (shorten) to bring about movement. Eg. The biceps will contract to pull the lower arm
towards the upper arm, resulting in bending of elbow
How does muscles work?
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Prime mover (Agonist) – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
How does muscles work?
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How does muscles work?
Which is the Agonist muscle? Antagonist muscle?
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How to keep strong muscles?
Exercise every day.
Discussion:
What are some things you can do
every day to help keep your
muscular system healthy?
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How does exercise affect muscles?
Immediate effects of exercise on muscles Fatigue: can be mental or physical
exhaustion Caused by build up of lactic acid (fast twitch
muscles) that causes pain or depletion of glycogen (slow twitch muscles)
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How does exercise affect muscles?
Long-term effects on our muscles Muscles (voluntary muscles) grow bigger
and stronger. eg. Stronger cardiac muscle means more
blood can be pumped around body ( = more oxygen)
Long-term benefits Become stronger and fitter for everyday
tasks, especially important for older people to reduce loss of strength
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How does training affect muscles?
Fast Twitch Fibres - contract more strongly, important for maximum-effort activities, delay build-up of lactic acid
Slow Twitch Fibres – body adapts to store more glycogen and use fat as an energy source
All muscle changes are reversible.
IF YOU DO NOT USE IT YOU LOSE IT!
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How do you train muscles?
Two ways to train muscles based on different kinds of muscle contractionIsotonic Training-when muscles shorten and pull on bonesIsometric Training- when muscles contract and stay the same length
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Isotonic TrainingAdvantagesStrengthens muscle through full range of movementCan choose isotonic exercises to suit different sports
DisadvantagesCan make muscles soreGain most muscle strength at the weakest point of action
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Isometric TrainingAdvantagesQuick to do and does not hurt.No need for expensive equipment, can be done anywhere
DisadvantagesGain most muscle strength at the angle used in the exerciseBlood flow to muscle stops, blood pressure rises, less blood flows back to heart
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Why train muscles?
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Why train muscles?
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One way to keep my muscles strong…
Eat foods from the meat group every day.
They are high in protein which helps to build strong muscles.
Name some foods that are high in protein.
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Muscle Training and Flexibility
Poor flexibility cause poor performance through injury (strained or pulled muscles) or inefficient technique.
Hinders both speed and endurance, muscles need to work harder to overcome resistance.
Flexibility training important for elderly. Why?
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How to improve flexibility
Through Static stretching Active stretching Passive stretching
Do you understand each of the above terms?
A flexible joint is less at risk of strain. Muscles that are stretched well can contract more strongly.
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Works Cited
My Body: Teacher Created Materials Encarta Encyclopedia Microsoft Clipart
