Capitulum Tertium

Stuff to learn in this chapter:• What verbs do and how to use them;• How to use the accusative case

ending;• More about pronouns, personal,

relative and interrogative;• How to ask why and to give a reason;• Other stuff

Verbum – pars ōrātiōnis

• A verb is a part of speech (pars ōrātīonis) that:

expresses an action or a state;describes what someone or

something does or that something exists or occurs.

Examples of VerbsExempla Verbōrum

Verbs that end in –at:Cantat – Iūlia cantat: “lalla, lalla, lalla.”Pulsat – Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.Plōrat – Iam Iūlia plōrat: “Uhuhuhu!”Vocat – Iūlia mātrem vocat: “Mamma!”Interrogat – Aemilia interrogat: Ubi

est...?”Verberat – Iūlius Mārcum verberat.

Exempla Verbōrum

Verbs that end in –et:Rīdet – Mārcus rīdet quia Iūlia plōrat.Videt – Quīntus Marcum videt.Respondet – Mārcus respondet:

“Pater dormit.”

Exempla Verbōrum

Verbs that end in –it:Venit – Cūr nōn Iūlius venit? Dormit.Dormit – Iūlius eum nōn audit, quia

dormit.Audit - Aemilia Quīntum nōn audit,

quia Mārcus plōrat.

Accūsātīvus

Subject Object VerbMarcus Iūliam Pulsat

masc. fem.Nom. -us -aAcc. -um -am

Transitive Verbs

Verbs like pulsat, videt, vocat, which are used with an object in the accusative are called transitive verbs.

Verbs without an object, like rīdet, plōrat, dormit, are called intransitive verbs.

Prōnōmina

Iūlia plōrat quia Mārcus eam pulsat.“eam” is a Fem. Acc. pronoun standing in for “Iūliam”.

Mārcus plōrat quia Aemilia eum verberat.“eum” is a Masc. Acc. pronoun standing in for “Mārcum”.

Why? and becauseCūr asks for an explanation or reason; we

can think of it basically as “why” - it’s an interrogative adjective

Quia is the introductory word for the reason or explanation – it’s a causal conjunction.

E.G.: Aemilia interrogat: “Cūr Iūlia plōrat?” et Quīntus respondet: “Plōrat, quia eam Mārcus pulsat.

What do you do when the subject isn’t there?

Look at lines 36, 43 and 58. Clauses or sentences on those lines are missing any nominative noun or pronoun.

* * *Rule: When the identity of the subject is

known, because the context shows who it is, it is not necessary to repeat it or replace it with a pronoun.

Et, Sed Neque

If we wanted to say something like: “Quintus is a good boy and doesn’t hit Julia.” instead of saying “et nōn” we use the word “neque” like this: Quīntus est puer probus neque pulsat Iūliam.

Same thing with “but not”: Iūlius venit, neque Aemilia eum videt.

Relative Pronoun

Nominative -Puer quī videt Mārcum est Quīntus.Puella quae plōrat est Iūlia.Accusative –Puer quem videt Quīntus est MarcusPuella quam pulsat Mārcus est Iūlia