Crusade Series of holy wars by Christian states of Europe (1076)

Cause conflicts with Muslims in the Middle East

City of Jerusalem

threats of the Turks

Result cultural tension between Christians and Muslims

September 11th, 2001

by Al-Qaeda

Iraq, Afghanistan, Islamic culture = terrorists

Exaggerated terrorist attacks

Rare contact with the Muslim culture Difficult to rectify

misconception

Media coverage

Political and cultural leaders’ influences

Islam encourages violence, poll result

Muslim = Terrorist

Before After

Community Center

Sharif El Gamal

Open for everyone, regardless of religion and ethnicity

20% of the building devoted to Muslim prayer room

Project 51

Reason Inductive reasoning

Hasty generalization

Ad hominem

False dilemma

Emotion

Perception

Language Stereotype

Labeling

Emotionally laden words (terrorist)