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CHAPTER 1: Tradition & Change among
Native Americans
• combined ordinary & extraordinary
Native American Diversity
• 550 different societies
• 6 language groups
• organized or loosely knit
• patrilineal or matrilineal
Common Figures in Religion
• sacred kinship networkso animalso spiritso sacred beings
• shamans
• trickster figures
Common Beliefs in Religion
• dreams & visions
• correspondence
• sacred matter
• cyclical time
Differences in Traditions: Oglala
• Sioux society of the Plains
• hunter-gatherers
• centrality of buffalo
• origin storyo White Buffalo Calf Womano gift of sacred pipe & rituals
Differences in Traditions: Hopi
• Pueblo society of the SW
• agricultural
• centrality of watero ceremonies for rain
• Kachinas
Religious Combinations
1) traditional religions + Christian elements
2) Christian conversions + cultural elementso Kateri Tekakwitha Conferences
3) new religious movements
New Religious Movements
• Ghost Dance
• Gaiwiio
• Peyote Wayo Native American Church
Law & Religious Practice
• American Indian Religious Freedom Act
• “G-O Road” case
• Oregon vs. Smith
• Religious Freedom Restoration Act o later repealed
Reclaiming Traditions
• NAGPRA
• National Museum of the American Indian
• Reclamation Movement
• Indian Rights Activism
OVERVIEW
• continuity with sacred world
• inner world of dreams
• transformations
• harmony with natural world
• religious combination & innovation