Pengolahan Mineral

Kuliah I

Pendahuluan

Prof. Dr. Ir. Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, DEA

Departemen Metalurgi dan Material

Fakultas Teknik Universtas Indonesia

Importance of Metals

• Metals have played a significant role on the technology and the quality of life of people

• Early history of human technology is divided into the

– Stone Age (~2,000,000 y),

– Copper Age-Bronze Age (~2000 y)

– Iron Age (~2000 y)

Importance of Metals

Seven metals are present in today’s jet engines.

– A modern jet engine consists mostly of Ti and Ni

with decreasing amounts of Cr, Co, Al, Nb, and

Ta.

– Fe is not present in a modern jet engine!!!

Occurrence and Distribution

of Metals

• The solid portion of the Earth is called the lithosphere.

• Concentrated metal deposits are usually found beneath the Earth’s surface.

Occurrence and Distribution

of Metals

• The metal of interest usually needs to be extracted from a large amount of unwanted material

• Metals usually need further treatment to make them suit our requirements.

Mineral

Solid inorganic compounds found in

nature in the lithosphere.

OreA mineral with a sufficient concentration for

the desired material to be economically

exploitable.

Important Minerals

Names of minerals are based on the location of their discovery, the person who discovered them, its color or some other characteristic of the mineral.

The most important sources of metals are oxides, and also sulfides and carbonates.

Table 1

Gambar 1. Mineral dan ikutannya

Latar belakang

• Indonesia daerah patahan / pertemuan

lempeng

• Memiliki deposit mineral beragam

• Jumlah “sedikit”

• Belum dimanfaatkan

• Jual “tanah air”

Metallurgy

The science and technology to

extract the desired metal from its

naturally occurring ore through

physical and chemical processes.

What is mining?

• “A process that begins with the discovery of mineral

deposits and continues through ore extraction and

processing to the closure and remediation of worked

out sites”

SOURCE: UNEP 1997, “Mining - Facts and Figures”, ‘Industry and Environment’, Oct.- Dec.

Copper

Bauxite

Gold

Iron

etc

Metals

Borates

Diamonds

Salt

Talc

Titanium(Rutile& Ilmenite)

etc

Industrial Minerals

Clay

Gravel / Sand

Stone

etc

Construction Minerals

Coal

Gas

Oil

Uranium

Energy Minerals

Mineral Types

Exploration:•Finding

•Follow Up

•Proving

Development:•Planning

•Land Clearing

•Construction

Crush /

wash mineral

Waste rock

removal

and mineral

extraction

Support Activities•Water Extraction

•Land Rehabilitation and Revegetation

•Power Generation

•Maintenance of Equipment / Infrastructure

Waste disposal

Mineral

processing

Smelting and

refining

Bulk transportIron ore,

coal, stone

Copper,

aluminium

Industrial

minerals

What is mining?

Exploration:•Finding

•Follow Up

•Proving

Development:•Planning

•Land Clearing

•Construction

Crush /

wash mineral

Waste rock

removal

and mineral

extraction

Support Activities•Water Extraction

•Land Rehabilitation and Revegetation

•Power Generation

•Maintenance of Equipment / Infrastructure

Waste disposal

Mineral

processing

Smelting and

refining

Bulk transportIron ore,

coal, stone

Copper,

aluminium

Industrial

minerals

Mineral extraction

• 3 Methods:– Open Pit

• Conical excavation

• Drill or blast away ‘overburden’

• Remove ore for processing

– Underground

• Only used for high grade ore bodies at depth

– Placer Mining

• Extract precious metals from sand or gravel

• Mix material with sand or gravel and then agitate

• Wash away light fraction to leave mineral

Crushed /

washed

mineral

Gravity

separation(coal, iron

ore)

Magnetic

separation(titanium,

tungsten)

Flotation(copper,

nickel gold)

Dewatering

and

filtration

Electrometallurgy(Aluminium, lead)

Hydrometallurgy(gold, nickel,

uranium, zinc)

Pyrometallurgy(usually smelting

copper)

reagents reagentstailings

emissions to air

Mineral processing and refining

Crushed /

washed

mineral

Gravity

separation(coal, iron

ore)

Magnetic

separation(titanium,

tungsten)

Flotation(copper,

nickel gold)

Dewatering

and

filtration

reagents

Electrometallurgy(Aluminium, lead)

Hydrometallurgy(gold, nickel,

uranium, zinc)

Pyrometallurgy(usually smelting

copper)

reagentstailings

emissions to air

What kind of impacts can we expect?

• Physical

– Land

• Land use

• Biological diversity

– Energy

– Water

• Water use

• Water quality

– Global warming

– Acidification

– Resources

• Socio-economic

– Native Title

– World view

– Public health

– Employment

– Violence / alcoholism

– Education & training

– Community

sustainability