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Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
(M)ethanological cycle of Titan
Mini-project ATPS
B.Sc. Planetary Sciences with Astronomy
3rd Year, Advanced Topics of Planetary Sciences
February 23rd, 2014
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Contents
TitanEnergy Balance
Atm. LayersAtm. ProfileRadiation BudgetEnergy Budget
Oceans & LakesPolar lakes
T91 Fly-byLigeia MareLake bathymetryEvaporation
Rainfall/Run-offRainfallITCZ
Conclusions
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Outline
TitanEnergy Balance
Atm. LayersAtm. ProfileRadiation BudgetEnergy Budget
Oceans & LakesPolar lakes
T91 Fly-byLigeia MareLake bathymetryEvaporation
Rainfall/Run-offRainfallITCZ
Conclusions
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Titan
Titan (Saturn VI)
The largest of Saturn’s natural satellites1.5 times the diameter of the Moon
Hydrocarbons
Surface and atmospheric hydrocarbonMethane (CH4) of solar system originsEthane (C2H6) rainfall
Hydrocarbons
Triple phase temperature range (solid, liquid, gas)Atmospheric photolysis of CH4 to C2H6
Oceans & Lakes as source of atmospheric content
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Outline
TitanEnergy Balance
Atm. LayersAtm. ProfileRadiation BudgetEnergy Budget
Oceans & LakesPolar lakes
T91 Fly-byLigeia MareLake bathymetryEvaporation
Rainfall/Run-offRainfallITCZ
Conclusions
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Titan Atmospheric Layers
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA06160.jpg
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Atmospheric Profile
Figure Credit: Lunine et al. (1983)
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Radiation Budget
The generic longwave greybody/blackbody radiation:
GE = εBB = εσT 4 (1)
The radiation budget at planetary surface:
Rnet = SWbal + LWbal (2)
Radiation budget generic extension at planetary surface:
Rnet = (1−ρ)τswEs +(1−ε0)σT 40 +(εatm−1)σT 4
atm+ε (3)
This provides the constraint on the available energy forconduction, convection and vaporization processes at surface
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Energy Budget
2%10%
10%40%
30%100%
1% 113%
120% = 94K
15%
25%
70% = 82K
45%
Shortwave balance Longwave balance
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Figure Credit: recreated after McKay et al. (1991)
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Outline
TitanEnergy Balance
Atm. LayersAtm. ProfileRadiation BudgetEnergy Budget
Oceans & LakesPolar lakes
T91 Fly-byLigeia MareLake bathymetryEvaporation
Rainfall/Run-offRainfallITCZ
Conclusions
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
North Pole
Radar Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://www.ciclops.org//view media.php?id=39076
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
T91
Kraken Mare
Small lakes
Kraken Mare
Mývatn Lacus
Oneida Lacus
Waikare Lacus
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Ligeia Mare
Radar Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://www.ciclops.org//view media.php?id=39071&js=1
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Lake bathymetry radar altimetry
Figure Credit: Mastrogiuseppe et al. (2014)
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Lake bathymetry depth
Figure Credit: Mastrogiuseppe et al. (2014)
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Evaporation
Evaporation
20mm/week at poles1mm/week at equator
The vaporization heat adapted to Titan:
HL =naL
ηC (qs − qa) =
naL
ηCδq (4)
η the Avogadro’s numberL the latent heat of vaporization of methaneC the bulk transfer coefficientq the mole fraction of methane at liquid surface (saturatedstate: qs) and at a given height (typically few meters) in theatmosphere above (qa)
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Outline
TitanEnergy Balance
Atm. LayersAtm. ProfileRadiation BudgetEnergy Budget
Oceans & LakesPolar lakes
T91 Fly-byLigeia MareLake bathymetryEvaporation
Rainfall/Run-offRainfallITCZ
Conclusions
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Rainfall on Belet (-5N,255E)
Rainfall on Belet (-5N,255E)
The change of surface albedo from Cassini VIMS, darkeningafter a large cloud passed on the Belet Albedo feature, andbrightening again after some time.
Radar Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI
http://www.titanexploration.com/TitanImages2011Plus/TitanImages2011.htm
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
ITCZ
Figure Credit: Tokano (2013)
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Outline
TitanEnergy Balance
Atm. LayersAtm. ProfileRadiation BudgetEnergy Budget
Oceans & LakesPolar lakes
T91 Fly-byLigeia MareLake bathymetryEvaporation
Rainfall/Run-offRainfallITCZ
Conclusions
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Conclusions
The (m)ethonological cycle, its energy budget andspatio-temporal dynamics are just starting to be discovered.
NowEvery additional fly-by of CassiniTreasure trove for Titan science
Future missions
I Rainfall: microwave sensor on-board orbiter/lander(TRMM type)
I Run-off: orbital radar altimeter(Magellan Venus radar type)
I Geomorphology: sub-clouds aerial Lidar altimeter +multi/hyperspectral (TSSM/Mongolfiere type)
I Energy budget: Thermal profiler in orbit, vessel onlakes/oceans (TSSM/TiME type)
Titan Meth. Cycle
Yann Chemin
Titan
Energy Balance
Atm. Layers
Atm. Profile
Radiation Budget
Energy Budget
Oceans & Lakes
Polar lakes
T91 Fly-by
Ligeia Mare
Lake bathymetry
Evaporation
Rainfall/Run-off
Rainfall
ITCZ
Conclusions
Thank You
Thank you
Radar Image Credit: PDS/NASA/JPL-Caltech