Mapping fragility hotspots of a Mediterranean terraced system

Davide RIZZO et al. – Sant’Anna Pisa – [email protected]

Mapping the fragility hotspots of a Mediterranean terraced systema landscape agronomy approach based on GIS multi-criteria analysis.

mailto:[email protected]

Mapping the fragility hotspots of a Mediterranean terraced system

Davide Rizzo et al.Chiavari October 10, 2016

Davide

Sabine

Tiziana

Enrico

RIZZO landscape agronomist

GENNAI-SCHOTT geographer

SABBATINI geologist

BONARI agronomist

Mapping the fragility hotspots of a Mediterranean terraced systema landscape agronomy approach based on GIS multi-criteria analysis.

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Focus on managementPhD on terrace landscape management and function with research action approach

PhD on landscape agronomy mapping to identify management priorities

International research project (French ANR) to characterize periurbanagricultural systems and actors

Where are the different terraces?

Who is managing the terrace system?

http://bit.ly/MontemagnoStories

http://bit.ly/MontemagnoStories



Introduction& aim

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introduction and aim

Current management of Mediterranean terraced landscapes rises questions that go beyond the agricultural dynamics.

Numerous studies addressed so far various geographic locations though mainly with disciplinary approaches.

We need a shift towards a territorial perspective to cope with the post-productive context

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Terraced landscapes: beyond sectorial approaches

Cf. introductory plenary by Sabina Asins-VelisOctober 7, 2016 in Venice




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Terrace systems are mainly in foothills

Varotto et al., 2016 MapTer early resultsTL3 plenary October 7, Venice

Terrace height average




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Foothill periurbanisation in central Tuscanyh

ttp

://bit.

ly/IS

PRA

2015

Ispra, report n.218, 2015

Foothill areas in between Florence and Pisa farming systems are increasingly urbanized

So, local terrace systems are shifting toward neo-rurality and periurbanity: farming is just as part-time or hobby activity.

Ma

pTe

r2

01

6




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What is abandonment (in periurban systems)?

These systems are concerned by either the complete abandonment of the farming system OR, with new management styles, may imply only a partialabandonment(just of terrace management).Monte Pisano (ITA) | Photo: Rizzo D

Importance of mapping terrace management practices




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Informing & supporting new land managers

Observable current dynamics suggest that major challenges for conservation is to capitalize past knowledge to provide a reliable support for the new land managersMonte Pisano (ITA) | Photo: Rizzo D




To develop territorial strategies to preserve the character of terrace systems we proposed a landscape agronomy approach.

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A landscape agronomy background

Benoît M, Rizzo D, et al. Landscapeagronomy: a new field for addressingagricultural landscape dynamics. Landscape Ecology 10 (2012)




Discussing a spatially explicit method combining natural and anthropic landscape features related the expected terrace degradation dynamics (fragility).

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AIM of this talk

1. mapping terraces2. describe management3. prioritize management4. support management

Monte Pisano (ITA) | Photo: Rizzo D



The study1. mapping terraces2. describe management3. prioritize management4. support management

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the study


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Terraces throughout the Mediterranean Main terraced systems below 1000m a.s.l.

Am

bro

ise

et a

l., 1

98

9;

Gro

vee

Rac

kham

, 20

00

; B

ran

cucc

iet

al.,

20

00

; P

into

-Co

rre

iae

Vo

s, 2

00

4; B

ald

esch

i et

al.,

20

05


the study


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A clear knowledge gap (ISPRA report, 2008)

plain

hill

mountain

Source: Landslides in Italy - Special Report 2008, ISPRA Original source: LPIS refresh di AGEA-SIN

Red dots: terracedfields


the study


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Terrace intensity (Agnoletti et al., 2015)

18 sample area with terrace intensityranging from 512 to 1,422 m/ha

The greatest part is cultivated with olive groves

“Given the historical and cultural significance of these agricultural landscapes, we need to expand our knowledge through an integrated and multidisciplinary approach.”

Territorial Analysis of the Agricultural Terraced Landscapesof Tuscany (Italy): Preliminary Results. Sustainability 7(2015)


the study


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Terrace per landscape unit (Rossi et al., 1994)

• Widespread in the Region (Apennine hills)

• 2 areas emerge: Monte Pisano (near Pisa) and Montalbano(near Vinci)

• Both with intensive olive grove production systems

Ratio on the total landscape unit area

http://bit.ly/ArsiaTer


the study


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Different techniques 1 (Region Tuscany)

Elaborated from the Piano di IndirizzoTerritoriale 2005-2010, Reg. Tuscany

Coexistenceof differenttechniques



the study


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Different techniques 2 (historical maps)

Best suited for local geology, pedology and morphology



the study


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Study area: Monte Pisano (ITA, Tuscany)


the study


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Mapping for managing



The study1. mapping terrace2. describe management3. prioritize management4. support management

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Monte Pisano (ITA) | Photo: F. Casella


the study


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Immediate issues: runoff & acessibilityhttp://bit.ly/MontemagnoRain

Photo: Fabio Casella

http://bit.ly/MontemagnoRain


the study


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Where is the abandonment?



the study


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Altogether, a simple structure

To p h i l l w o o d s

M i d h i l l t e r r a c e s

F o o t h i l l v i l l a g e s


the study


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Terraces are part of a complex systemTotal monuntain: 160 Km2;

Study focus: 62 Km2

Ave slope37%

(>20% in >80% of the area)

Shallow soils

Ave rain: 1000÷1300 mm/yr

micro-topography is crucial

ave dry-stone wall density1,050m/ha

(max 2000m/ha)


the study


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Dry-stone wall terraces

Caruso, 1883


the study


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Complex practice to manage soil & water

Figures: F. Casella & D. Rizzo


the study


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Dry-stone wall density

ave 1050m/ha

(max 2000m/ha)

1,813 ha of total agricultural surface


the study


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Different techniques / managementBest suited for localgeology, pedology and morphology




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the study


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GIS-Multicriteria workflow

Rizzo et al. (in preparation) Evaluation and reliability of a GIS-based multicriteria assessment Mediterranean terraced system fragility


the study


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Modeling preferences

Orientation

Elevation

Agro-pedology

Geomorphological risk

Terrace type

Terrace density

Land use and abandonment

Structural fragility

Agronomic parameters

Anthropic modifications

Total fragility

Management practices

Geomorphology

GOALS CRITERIA ATRIBUTES


the study


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Attribute classification (rasters 10x10m)

min maxGeomorphological risk

min. erodibilitymax. infiltration

max. erodibilitymin. infiltration

agro-pedology

high suitability for local crops low suitability for local cropsaltitude

high suitabilitymax. total evapotransp.

low suitability

min. total evapotransp.orientation

little morphological changesimple management

great morphological changeintensive management

Terrace type

low labour intensity, cultivated high labour intensity, abandonedLand use

Terrace density


the study


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Structural fragilityRanked spatial alternatives responding to the initial decision problem, classed into four levels ranging from weak to strong,

i.e. where intensive management is required to mitigate/avoid expected degradation phenomena.


the study


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Total fragilityAccounting for actual agricultural management (i.e., cultivated versus abandoned olive groves) reduced fragility for >1/3 compared to structural fragility

35% improved

56% unchanged

9% worsen


the study


The field validation showed that the method proved reliable at identifying the extreme classes of fragility.

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Evaluating the GIS-MCA accuracy

KHAT measures accuracy removing random effect. It varies between 0 (completely random results) and 1 (perfect accuracy)

79.1%

76.8%

Producer accuracyProducer accuracy User accuracy Producer accuracy User accuracyStructural fragility Total fragility




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the study


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Map provides context for management


the study


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Evaluating terrace management costs


the study


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Insight in production practices

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 200 400 600 800 1000

oil

(l)/

tree

number of trees

Olive oil per tree as function of nb of treemanaged per farmer

46%

43%

8%3%

Tree managed/ hobby farmer

up to200

up to 400

up to 1000

more than 1000


the study


Altogether, the various study outputs (maps, handbook, disseminations activities) are supporting local policy makers at prioritizing the use of monetary resources (e.g., public investments or targeted subsidies) ordinarily insufficient to cope with the huge need for the whole terraced system.

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Capitalizing knowledge

http://bit.ly/MP_Manuale


the study


ProgettiManuali (capitalizing knowledge)Cost evaluations (PIT Toscana)

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Disseminating management skills




Perspective& conclusion

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perspectives and conclusion


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Where do we go from here?

Remote sensing and multidisciplinary methods to fill the knowledge gap on terrace system structure

Interviews and participatory approaches to involve local experts and complement existing and available maps.

Formalization through handbook and maps to ease transmission and dissemination.

Involve the various land managers and raise awareness on the system perspective



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REF



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ReferencesAgnoletti M, Conti L, Frezza L, Santoro A (2015) TerritorialAnalysis of the Agricultural Terraced Landscapes of Tuscany(Italy): Preliminary Results. Sustainability 7:4564–4581. doi: 10.3390/su7044564

Congalton RG (1991) A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment 37:35–46. doi: 10.1016/0034-4257(91)90048-B

Gennai-Schott S, Rizzo D, Sabbatini T, Marraccini E (2014) Uno studio dell’intensità dei sistemi olivicoli collinari terrazzati: il caso del Monte Pisano. Atti del XLIII Convegno Nazionale della Società Italiana di Agronomia

Rizzo D, Galli M, Sabbatini T, Bonari E (2007) Terracedlandscapes characterization. Developing a methodology to map and analyze the agricultural management impacts(Monte Pisano, Italy). Revue Internationale de Géomatique17:431–447. doi: 10.3166/geo.17.431-447

Benoît M, Rizzo D, Marraccini E, et al. (2012) Landscapeagronomy: a new field for addressing agricultural landscapedynamics. Landscape Ecology 10:1385–1394. doi: 10.1007/s10980-012-9802-8

Galli M, Pieroni P, Brunori G (2003). Un’esperienza di ricerca partecipativa per la valorizzazione degli spazi rurali nel comprensorio del Monte Pisano, Genio Rurale LXVI(3):54–63.

Ambroise R., Frapa P., Giorgis S., 1989. Paysages de terrasses, Édisud, Aix-en-Provence.

Brancucci G., Ghersi A., Ruggiero M.E., 2000. Paesaggi liguri a terrazze: riflessioni per una metodologia di studio, Alinea Editrice, Firenze.

Baldeschi P. (a cura di), 2000. Il Chianti fiorentino un progetto di tutela del paesaggio, Laterza, Bari.

Baldeschi P. (a cura di), 2005. Il paesaggio agrario del Montalbano: identità sostenibilità società locale, PassigliEditore, Firenze.

Pinto-Correia T., Vos W., 2004. Multifunctionality in Mediterranean landscapes - past and future. In: R. Jongman(a cura di), The New Dimensions of European Landscape, UR Frontis Series 12, Wageningen, pp. 135–164.

Grove A.T., Rackham O., 2001. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: an ecological history, Yale University Press, Oxford.

Rizzo D (2009) Landscape-agronomic analysis in the agro-environmental fragility assessment of a terraced landscape. PhD thesis, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna

Galli M, Rizzo D, Casella F (2008) Il paesaggio terrazzato del Monte Pisano tra permanenza e mutamenti. ETS, Pisa (Italy)

Desplanches H., 1977. I paesaggi collinari tosco-umbro-marchigiani, in I paesaggi umani, TCI, Milano

Pedreschi L., 1963. I terrazzamenti agrari in Val di Serchio, Pubblicazioni dell’Istituto di Geografia dell’Università di Pisa, n. 10. Pisa, La Goliardica.

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Classe di fragilità somma1 2 3 4

strutturale

1 14,0 % 3,9 % 1,1 % - 18,9 %

2 1,8 % 3,6 % 1,8 % 0,1 % 7,3 %

3 1,2 % 5,9 % 21,5 % 6,7 % 35,3 %

4 - 0,9 % 13,5 % 24,1 % 38,5 %

somma 17,1 % 14,2 % 37,9 % 30,9 % 100 %

complessiva

1 15,5 % 3,6 % 1,1 % - 20,1 %

2 1,4 % 9,1 % 6,9 % 4,8 % 22,2 %

3 0,2 % 1,4 % 27,2 % 15,4 % 44,3 %

4 - 0,1 % 2,7 % 10,6 % 13,4 %

somma 17,1 % 14,2 % 37,9 % 30,9 % 100 %

Matrice di errore

introduzione caso di studio metodo risultati conclusioni

Accuratezza della mappatura :• dati corretti sulla diagonale• errori di stima (confronto per riga)

% sul totale della superficie rilevata

stim

ata

rilevata



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Cameo di Crozza all'interno dell'album "Cicciput" di Elio e le Storie Tese

Ciao, sono Maurizio Crozza, e voglio dirti una cosa.Ogni anno la Toscana è depredata della sua terra stessa.Ogni giorno un po' di Toscana muore.Forse per gli incendi? No no no no no.Forse per i saccheggi? No no no no no.Forse perché...? No no no no no.

La Toscana muore perché ogni giorno qualcuno porta via un sasso.

Se ognuno di noi portasse via un sasso, la Toscana si espanderebbe in tutto il mondo e nessuno potrebbe riconoscere più la Toscana, perché sarebbe ormai in tutto il mondo, quindi tutto il mondo si potrebbe chiamare Toscana, quindi la Toscana non esisterebbe più.Non portare via un sasso dalla Toscana, perché altrimenti non sappiamo più dov'è la Toscana.

https://youtu.be/Lp-HOfJfElk

Science

Mapping fragility hotspots of a Mediterranean terraced system